~ NOISETTE ROSE—‘‘ WILLIAM ALLEN RICHARDSON ”’ */, Nat. size { VOL. IIl.—Front. FAVOURITE FLOWERS | OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE BY EDWARD STGP) FS: THE CULTURAL DIRECTIONS EDtlreD oT WILLIAM WATSON, F.R.H.S. ASSISTANT CURATOR, ROYAL GARDENS, KEW ILLUSTRATED WITH Three Hundred and Sixteen Colowred Plates SELECTED AND ARRANGED BY D. BOIS Sonor eee ASSISTANT DE LA CHAIRE DE CULTURE AU MUSEUM D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE DE PARIS VOL 1 [-) Mo. Bot. (Garren, 1897. LONDON FREDERICK WARNE & GO. AND NEW YORK 1897 [All Rights Reserved] Be Pe SS See see fos SRE Se iy hn aoe | an ee Ee ee CONTENTS VOLUME II ———~+--——_ OrpeR ROSACEA aaa Rosrs ov ed) Genus Rosa E ; Kerri Ware Kennra ‘ Polyps BRAMB » Rubus sipereoni PLUM, AND CHERRY TREE » Prunus APPLE AND “PEAR TREES - yrus THORNS é » Crategus PHOTINIAS » Photinia INDIAN Benions » Rhaphiolepis AMELANCHIERS . a melanchier JOTONEASTERS 5, Cotoneaster CINQUEFOILS 5 Potentilla : ‘ a Geum Orper SAXTFRAGEA— SAXIFRAGES ; » Saxifraga ] ina - hale DEUTZIA Ded ; d fein Sprrea as Autilbe : Seas OF PARNAS os St SYRINGA sl Mock ‘Oxaiten i Philadelphous E casos ‘ 5 LEsecallonia FLOWERING ‘Oomnaxes : >» Leibes OrpeR CRASSULACEA— ASSULAS . » Rochea SICKLE CRASSULA » Crassu CoryLEpoNs » Cotyledo STONECROPS » seaum . HousELEEKS 9 Sempervivum OrpER MYRTACEAL— MyRrTLE ; » Meru . Sime i e mega NATE ; » Leics . ane Looststinres é » Lythrum. lea ; » Cuphea . ORDER a Witiow Heres . ‘ y» Epilobium ete » Clarkia . Evening PRIMKOsES “AND. Gop » Cnothera Fucnstas ‘ » Fuchsia GauRas . Gaura . Vv vi CONTENTS OF VOLUME II Orper LOASEX— Cuitt Nerrurs . MENTZELIAS ‘ Orprr PASSIFLOREA— ASSION-FLOWERS Orper BEGONIACER— BrEGonias : s OrDER CACTEA— EPreayiiums InpIAN Figs anp PRICKLY Pears. $ 2 OrperR FICOIDER Fia Maricoxps . ORDER UMBELLIFERE— MBELLIFEROUS FLowERs ORDER ARALIACER— : Farsras . : ARALIAS . Ivizs : ORDER CAPRIFOLIACER_ Honeysucxr ‘ : Diervinias GUELDER RosE AND LauRgEs- TINE , 5 ; ORDER RUBIACER— Bovuvarpras ‘ Ixoras , Crossworts ” GARDENIAS ti VALERIANER— PUR VALERIANS ORDER DIPSACER ORDER COMPOSITA_ AGERATUMS a GoLprEn Rops Swan River Daistrs Dovsie Daistes AHLIAS , ~ 7 Genus Loasa Mentzelia Passtflora Begonia . Mamillaria Cer ‘ Epiphyllum Opuntia . Mesembryanthemum Various Genera . Fatsia Aralia Hedera Lonicera Diervilla Viburnum Bouvardia Izora Asperula u Phuopsis é Gardenia Centranthus Scabiosa . Sol Ageratum idago @ a Te ee ee ORDEI CONTENTS OF VOLUME II LEOPARD’s- BANE 3 ATRIS CAULFUSS ‘ OpOLE : j 3UPHTHALMUMS . ‘ SANVITALIAS TANS < \ r BUTTER-BUR 4 ATHANASIAS | ONAS . i WAITZIAS AMMOBIUMS [UMEAS . \: Mountain Tospaccos POLYMNIAS ORDER in al rat Dam eed aus LescHENAULTIAS. Rk COMPOSITA eee en M Genus Cosmos he tes oo _ A > Bw Rot Ee Py = > wa > > “2m oe by = Q = fH - & =) n : Seow BvEnLASriNes | _ Crepis Rudbeckia Gatllardi ia 5 rysanthemum . Pyrethrum Achillea . Buphthalmum eneae Hieracium Podachenium Palafoxia tapbeny ot. ia . Polyinaia ee ali | ya gece LIST OF COLOURED PLATES VOLUME II —__4—__ PLATE FRONTISPIECE, NotserTe Ross, William Allen Richardson 79. Many-rLowmrep Rosx, Rosa m tiflora 80. Montaty Rosg, Rosa indica, var. semper florens 81. AUSTRIAN Baran, Rosa lutea, var. punicea 83, Hyprip PERPETUAL Rosr, Baroness Rothschild 84. Hyprip Prrprrvay Rose, General Jacqueminot 85. SILVERY CrxquErott, Potentilla ROSES (continued) Natural Order Rosace&. Genus Rosa For the characters of the Genus, history and descriptions of the cultivated kinds, together with lists of hybrids and garden varieties, the reader is referred to vol. i. pp. 149-164. The grower of Roses has to combat the attacks of numerous enemies, not only among insects, but the more insidious depredations of fungoid parasites. Among INSECTS, various species of Greenfly (Aphis) are most in evidence, swarming in thick masses round the extremity of the growing shoots, and sucking sap continually. This constant drain upon the tenderest portions of the plant has a prejudicial effect upon the character of the branches formed from these shoots, and an effort must be made to get rid of the pests. Whatever is attempted in this direction must be thorough, for the fecundity of the Aphis is so astonishingly great and rapid, that a single individual left upon a Rose-tree is sufficient to ensure a swarm round every shoot a day or two later. Many remedies are in use, such as solutions of tobacco, quassia, soft soap, and numerous patent prepara- tions. All these are good, but in using them care must be taken to thoroughly syringe the plants a few hours later with clean water, or the remedy will prove worse than the disease. Our own experience is I1.—1 Rose Enemies. 166 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE that when the succulent growing tips of the branches have been much attacked by these pests, they do not develop into healthy wood, and that the heroic remedy is the best—that is, to cut off the infested shoots and put them on the fire at once. That is a certain end to the insects, whereas many of the washes merely stupefy for the time, and the Greenfly revive to found new colonies, But not only does the Aphis injure Roses by its direct attacks, its sticky secretions provide a suitable material in which the low fungus Capnodiwm may flourish. Although this does not appear to attack the tissues of the Rose, its growth is unsightly, and clogs the breathing pores of the plant. The Lace-wing fly (Hemerobius) and the Lady-bird (Coccinella) should be encouraged, for their larve live entirely by sucking Greenfly dry. The larve of various species of Saw-fly (Lenthredo) and of moths innumerable feed upon the leaves, and these must be got rid of by hand-picking, which is at once more efficacious and more economical than the application of sticky messes to the stems. Several species clock (P, hyllopertha), feed upon the pollen and stamens of the flower, but beyond picking them off when seen, little can be done with these lcroscopical examination, In this way he will have Spreading, but at the same time oil, ete. Powdered sulphur and palliatives, € are recommended as cures Or in fungus treatment of the organism as a whole. part and try to improve the health oma . . ee 79 Tepresents the extremity of a flowering Neen sh a of Rosa multiflora, the appropriately named Many- »teduced by about one-fourth from the natural dimensions. z e § MANY-FLOWERED ROSE (ROSA MULTIFLORA) he Nat. size KERRIA 167 Fig. 1 is a section through the flower, and Fig. 2 shows the comb-like stipules at the base of the leaf-stalk, and the paired hook-prickles below. It occurs also with rosy and purple flowers. Plate 80 illustrates one of the numerous forms of R. indica, the var. semyperflorens or Monthly Rose, with solitary flowers at the tips of the branches. The figure is about one-half the natural size. Plate 81 is a drawing of R. lutea, var. punicea, the Austrian Briar, or Nasturtium Rose (Rose Capucine), so called on account of the resemblance in colour to the flowers of Tropwolum. Fig. 1 is a section through the flower after the fall of the petals. Plate 82 shows a flower and buds of R. centifolia, var. muscosa, the Moss Rose, with its shaggy calyx and unequal prickles. The remarkable stipules are also well represented. Plate 83 is a reduced drawing of the Hybrid Perpetual Baroness Rothschild, about one-half of the natural size. Plate 84 gives further representation to the class of Hybrid Perpetuals in General Jacqueminot, drawn of the natural size. In the Plate which forms the frontispiece to the present volume of this work, there will be found a representative of the Noisette section of Roses — William Allen Richardson, a hybrid of recent production, but already a great favourite. KERRIA Natural Order Rosacea. Genus Kerria KERRIA (named in honour of W. Kerr, a botanist of last century). A genus of only one or two species of shrubs, native of China. Kerria japonica is frequently cultivated on account of its handsome orange- yellow flowers, abundantly produced at almost all seasons. It is an erect-growing plant, 5 or 6 feet high, with slender dark-green branches, and bright green, smooth, alternate leaves, which are oval-lance-shaped, sharply and doubly toothed. The flowers are of similar structure to those of Spirwa, with five petals and numerous stamens. But the form almost solely cultivated in this country is the double variety, flore pleno. The flowers are produced singly at the end of little side-shoots all along the upright branches, and are about an inch and a half across. It was introduced about the year 1700. Cultivation, K. japonica (Japanese) is usually trained against walls. It succeeds in any good loamy soil, and is repro- 168 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE duced by means of cuttings taken from the young shoots. These are usually struck under a hand-light, but in many districts they will strike quite well if merely inserted where it is desired to grow them. Many years ago, noting the abundance of Kerria in the cottage-gardens of a village among the Surrey sandhills, we asked the sexton what it was “Oh,” said he “it’s just the J aponica. You just break off a bit and stick it in, and it grows.” Such was the rough method in practice there, but it was highly successful, and K. japonica flourished in every garden. It may also be propagated by layering the branches, or by dividing the plants. There is another variety (foliis variegatis) in which the leaves are prettily variegated with several shades of white, yellow, and green. Kerrias are sometimes. referred to as members of the genus Corchorus, but quite erroneously; the latter belonging to the Natural Order TILIACE. WHITE KERRIA Natural Order RosacE&. Gents Rhodoty pos Ruoporypos (Greek, rhodon, a rose, and typos, a type or model). A genus comprising but one Species, closely allied to and resembling Kerria, on which account it is called Rhodotypos Kerrioides (Kerria- like). It differs from Kerria, however, in the calyx lobes and the petals being four in each case, and the carpels one to four instead of five toeight. Itis a tall-growing shrub, about 15 feet high, with both branches and leaves in fours (decussate). The flowers are white, terminal and solitary, appearing in April. The plant was introduced from Japan m 1866. For cultivation, see Kerria, BRAMBLES Natural Order RosacE&. Genus Rubus Rusus (the old Roman name, derived from ruber, red). A genus or Prsing about a hundred Species of generally twiggy and prickly, trailing shrubs, of which our native Bramble or Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) ane La taken as the type. They have conspicuous five-petaled flowers, white or pink, grouped in panicles or corymbs; and leaves simple oF a tetas ; They are chiefly grown for the sake of the multiple fraits, which are in many species juicy and edible. Several species, however are grown for the flowers or ornamental foliage, and it is only with these MONTHLY ROSE (ROSA INDICA—14r. semperflorens) . 1/, Nat. size PL. 80 BRAMBLES 169 that we are at present concerned. The species are abundant in the Northern Hemisphere, and a few occur in the Southern. RuBus BIFLORUS (two-flowered). Chiefly grown on account of its pure white stems and branches, which are tall and covered with strong, recurved prickles. The leaves are broken up into three or five oval leaflets, which are inclined to be lobed, are doubly-toothed, downy above and covered with white wool beneath. The flowers are white, in axillary clusters of two or three; May. Fruit large, globose, golden yellow. Introduced from temperate Himalaya (1818). This has a very ornamental appearance when trained up a dark- coloured wall. R. LACINIATUs (torn). Stems nearly round, straggling, well armed ; prickles with dilated base. Leaves divided into three or five deeply- dissected leaflets. The flowers are white or rosy, in loose panicles; the petals three-lobed at the apex; June to September. Fruit large, black. This species, variety, or hybrid, which is of garden origin, and its true relationships unknown, is a very ornamental subject for scrambling over a fence or tree-stump. It may even be planted in a bed by itself and given a few tree-roots to grow around. R. oporata (fragrant). Stem erect, 3 to 5 feet high, devoid of spines, but covered with purple, glandular bristles. Leaves lobed, minutely toothed. Flowers rosy purple, 2 inches across; petals rounded ; June to August. Fruit reddish, flat and broad. Introduced from North America (1700). R. ROSHFOLIUS (Rose-leaved). Stems erect, or nearly so, with scattered hooked prickles. Leaflets, five or seven, oval-lance-shaped, doubly and deeply toothed. Flowers white, solitary or in loose panicles ; August. Fruit orange-red. Himalaya (1811). R, SPECTABILIS (showy). Salmon Berry. Stem erect, 5 to 10 feet high, unarmed or spiny. Leaves three-lobed, or divided into three egg- shaped leaflets, saw-toothed. Flowers very large, bright red, produced solitarily or in pairs, from the axils; May. Fruit egg-shaped, large red. Introduced from North America (1827). Most Rubi are hardy, although even our tough Black- berry (R. fruticosus) occasionally receives a severe check through late frosts in early summer. Most garden soils will be found suitable for them, the chief care needed being to keep them within bounds by judicious cutting-back. They may be propagated from seed, - by layering the lower shoots, or by pegging down the tips of the long, arching ones, and covering slightly with earth. They soon root, and may then be separated and re-planted. 1-2 Principal Species. > Cultivation. 170 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE ALMOND, PLUM, AND CHERRY TREES Natural Order Rosacez. Genus Prunus Prunus (the old Roman name for the Plum-tree). A genus comprising about eighty species of shrubs or trees with simple alternate leaves, white or red flowers, which are honeyed and disposed in corymbs, or racemes, or produced solitarily. There are five lobes to the calyx, five petals, fifteen to twenty stamens, and a single carpel. The species are natives of the Northern temperate regions, and rare in the tropics. Four species are indigenous to Britain. Most of the species are cultivated for the sake of the juicy fruit (Plums, Peaches, Cherries, etc.); those mentioned below are suggested on account of their showy flowers. atowy: The genus Prunus includes some of the most anciently cultivated of plants. Respecting the origin of some of these, such as the Almond, the Peach, and the Apricot, there has been much dispute. Persia and Northern Africa were formerly considered to be the natural home whence these desirable fruits have spread; but the generally accepted belief of modern botanists is that the Peach and Apricot are natives of China, and the Almond is indigenous to Southern Europe and the Levant. The Almond (P. Amygdalus), cultivated from very early periods, came to us by way of North Africa at some date prior to 1548, and somewhere about the same period we introduced the Apricot (P. : Armeniaca) from the Levant. Of the Peach (P. Persica) we have D0 — certain records earlier than 1562; it appears to have come to us from Persia, where it had then been in cultivation for at least twelve hundred eae for Theophrastus in 3.0. 322 speaks of it as a Persian fruit, and 1b 1s suggested that he became acquainted with it through Alexander's expedition to Persia. The Almond is only grown in this country for the sake of its flowers, but on the Continent for its fruit; in favourable Seasons it ripens these in the South of England. : Principal Species, /RUNUS AMyGpaLus (Almond). Almond-tree. A ee a te from 10 to 30 feet high, with oblong-lance-shaped Patines ely toothed. Flowers pink or rosy (sometimes white), ped iced in abundance before the leaves, in March. During 4 mil miuver they sometimes appear in F ebruary, and rarely ever in January: — ane fruit is covered with a downy fibrous husk. There are several varieties, P. ARMENIACA (Armeni : toot He with egg-shaped ns man). Apricot. A tree about 15 feet M8 r heart-shaped, smooth leaves, glandularly toothed. my od yt ia : SUMS /,, Oe ~ S \} pos Saad AUSTRIAN BRIAR (ROSA LUTEA—var, puntcea) Nat. size PL. 81 ALMOND, PLUM, AND CHERRY TREES 171 Flowers pinkish white, stalkless; February or March. Fruit fleshy, covered with a velvety skin. P. Avium (bird). Gean or Wild Cherry. Tree, 20 to 40 feet high, with stout trunk, and stout rigid branches curving upwards. Leaves pale green, downy beneath, on long stalks, and hanging down. Flowers in small umbels, drooping, the soft petals widely spreading; April or May. Fruit somewhat heart-shaped, black or red, bitter or sweet, but not acid ; juice staining. Native. P. CERASUS (supposed native of Cerasus, in Pontus). Dwarf Cherry. A bush or dwarf tree, 6 or 8 feet high, with red bark, numerous suckers, slender drooping branches, and smooth, blue-green, coarsely-toothed leaves with short stalks. The flowers erect, in small umbels; the firm white petals notched, and not spreading widely ; April or May. Fruit round, red, with acid juice. A native. P. Lavrocerasus (Cherry Laurel). Common Laurel or Cherry Laurel. A fine evergreen foliage shrub or tree, 6 to 10 feet high, with large, glossy, oval-lance-shaped leaves, dull beneath. The flowers in an erect raceme shorter than the leaves; April and May. Introduced from the Levant (1629). A number of varieties are to be found in our shrubberies, the chief differences being in the size or shape of the leaves. Var. latifolia is probably the best P. LUSITANICA (Portuguese). Portugal Laurel. Evergreen shrubs 10 to 20 feet high, with oval-lance-shaped leaves, and white flowers in erect axillary racemes, longer than the leaves; June. Introduced from Portugal (1648). The var. myrtifolia has small leaves, and is of more compact growth. P. Persica (Persian). Peach. Tree, 15 feet high, with smooth, lance-shaped, saw-toothed leaves, and pale or dark red flowers, smaller than those of P. Amygdalus, appearing in April or May. Fruit fleshy, covered with a velvety skin. The var. levis (Nectarine) has firmer, plumper fruit with smooth skin. P. TRILOBA (three-lobed). Shrub, about 6 feet high, with three-lobed leaves. Flowers large, white or rosy, generally double, appearing before the leaves; March. Introduced from China (1857). On a well-drained loamy soil all the species of Prunus will do well. Their roots run very near the surface, and, consequently, so deep a soil is not required as by many shrubs and trees of equal size. With some species there is a strong disposition to throw up numerous suckers, which are often a nuisance, and must be taken off. It is not advisable to use these suckers for propagation. Stocks for budding or grafting are usually raised from seed, which should be sown Cultivation. 192 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE as soon as ripe. The flowers are produced on short spurs at the end and along the sides of well-ripened shoots of from one to three years old. In pruning, these must be preserved uncut when the weak and unripened wood is cut away in winter. APPLE AND PEAR TREES Natural Order Rosacea. Genus Pyrus Pyrus (the old Roman name for the Pear-tree). A genus of trees or shrubs comprising about forty species, with simple or pinnate leaves, and white or pink, honeyed flowers, in te _ flower-parts agree in number with those of Prunus, and are similar in arpels. The fruit as a whole, alyx is above it. The carpels ae, Like Prunus, the genus Pyrus has been cultivated for the sake of its fine fruits from very early times. The Romans are believed to have brought cultivated Apples with them when they took possession of these islands, But that is a matter with which We are not much concerned, for there j or Pear. It is true that lo : the Quince, made its first ng anterior to the year 1573 P. Cydonia, erate ‘ its native country seat Ppearance, being introduced from Austria, thoug | favourite P. japon s : introduced in icin. which flowers nearly all the year round, we € very beautiful P. Maulei, also from Japan, rminal cymes or corymbs. The — y : See ye ae Peas s pees eS, " es Sei 2 a GRE he Peet a GF eye AE er | SAE Soa Copee Dae © yea Fee eee a ss) ab ig An oN ae MOSS ROSE (ROSA CENTIFOLIA—var. muscosa ) Nat. size PL. 82 APPLE AND PEAR TREES 173 ne) has been known in English gardens little more than twenty years. Although most of these species produce edible fruit, they are mentioned here solely on account of their ornamental characters. Pyrus Arta. White Beam-tree. A bush or tree Noe Waeytiag from 4 to 4 feet in height, with variable leaves, jagged at the edges or deeply lobed, smooth above, white and woolly beneath. Flowers, white, }-inch across in flat corymbs; May and June. Fruits miniature apples, -inch across, rich scarlet. Native. P. Aucupartia (fowler’s). Rowan or Mountain Ash. A tree, from 10 to 40 feet high, with long leaves broken up into lance-shaped, toothed leaflets, of which there are from six to eight pairs and an odd one. The flowers are creamy white, 3-inch across, in dense-flowered compound cymes, 5 or 6 inches across; May and June. Fruit small, globose, scarlet, in con- spicuous bunches. The Rowan in full fruit is highly ornamental. Native, P. BaccaTa (berried). Cherry Crab. A tree, 15 to 20 feet high, with smooth egg-shaped, toothed leaves, and white flowers; April and May. Fruit cherry-like, yellow tinged with red. Native of Northern Asia from Himalaya to Japan. P. COMMUNIS (common). Wild Pear. A tree, from 30 to 70 feet high, generally of pyramidal form, with thorny branches, and egg-shaped toothed leaves, in bunches on the old wood, singly on the new shoots. The flowers are white, from 1 to 13 inch across, in simple cymes; April and May. Native. P. CORONARIA (garland). Sweet-scented Crab ; American Crab. A small tree, about 20 feet high, with egg-shaped, irregularly toothed or lobed, smooth leaves, and large, rosy-tinted, fragrant flowers in small corymbs ; May. Fruit small, fragrant, greenish. Native of Eastern United States, P. Cypon1a (supposed native of Kydon in Crete). Quince. A tree, 20 feet high, with crooked branches, and egg-shaped, entire leaves, white and woolly beneath. Flowers white or pale red, large and few, in an umbel; May or June. Fruit varying apple or pear-shaped, of a fine golden yellow when ripe. P. FLORIBUNDA (free-flowering). A highly ornamental shrub, with slender shoots, and small lance-shaped, toothed leaves. Flowers abundant, rich, rosy red; May. Fruit very small, long-stalked. Japan. P. JAPONICA (J apanese). Japanese Quince. A shrub, 5 or 6 fect high, with smooth, oval leaves, and deep scarlet flowers, produced in pairs or threes, in winter before the leaves, and almost throughout the year. Fruit fragrant, green ; not edible, One of the finest of hardy shrubs whether grown on the wall, or as a bush. P. Matus (Apple-tree). Crab Apple. Shrub or small tree, 20 fect high, I1.—3 174 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE with spreading branches and oblong leaves. Flowers, 1} inch across, white delicately tinged with pink, rosy beneath, in umbels; May. Native. P. Mavter (Maule’s). Shrub, smaller and more compact than P. japonica, with bright red flowers; April. Introduced from Japan (1874). P. PRUNIFOLIA (Plum-leaved). Siberian Crab. Small tree, 20 to 30 feet high, with egg-shaped, smooth, toothed leaves, similar to those of the Cherry; long-stalked. Flowers white, resembling those of P. communis ; stalks downy; April and May. Fruit yellowish, but bright red on side exposed to sun. P. Sorsus (Service-tree). The True Service. A tree, 20 to 60 feet high, similar to P. awcuparia, but larger. Leaves pinnate, but leaflets equal in size, woolly beneath, toothed towards the points. Flowers creamy, in panicles; May. Fruit larger than those of P. aucuparia, more pear-shaped, 1 inch long, dotted with red. Europe. P, SPECTABILIS (worthy of note). Chinese Crab. A tree, 20 to 30 feet high, with smooth, oval-oblong, toothed leaves, and large, rosy or white flowers ; April or May. Fruit spherical, 1 inch across, on long stalks. The var. alba plena has double white flowers. hide A rich loamy soil, with a subsoil of an open character, is the most suitable for the genus Pyrus; they will not succeed where the subsoil is clay. The species may be grown from seeds, which should be carefully selected from good healthy trees. Varieties should be propagated by means of buds or grafts. Cuttings may also be struck, but it is neither a reliable nor a speedy method; yet we have Se ‘ald good results from the mere careless sticking-in of apple the a gray any art being practised. Most of these trees root near Pas ue erefore they require mulehings of manure in summer; the suitable strate. cod gene an is likely to find its way into some un- at oi : ee aa it is usually grafted on a Quince seabed a oh ne Iruit is desired, more elaborate instructions foe focal tie ‘aia ws up the ornamental character of these trees ener requirements are, to see to the renewal of the food for the roots ake, ; t out old wad » the judicious pruning of the branches, and cutting THORNS Natural Order Rosacez. Genus Crategus CraTaaus (Greek, kratos, Species of shrubs and sm Strength). A genus comprising about fifty all trees, often spiny, with simple, lobed or OE ROSE—‘* BARONESS ROTHSCHILD ”’ i (HYBRID PERPETUAL) 1/, Nat. size PL. 83. THORNS 175 pinnately cut leaves, and red or white flowers. These are grouped in corymbose cymes, and consist of a pitcher-shaped or bell-shaped calyx with a contracted mouth and five spreading lobes; five petals inserted at the mouth of the calyx; many stamens, and one to five carpels. The latter are below and attached to the calyx-tube, and in association with it they develop into an egg-shaped or globose fruit consisting of a bony stone containing the seed or seeds, invested with a thin layer of flesh and a thick, coloured rind. They are natives of the northern temperate regions, and are chiefly found in America, extending south as far as New Granada. The generic name refers to the hard, strong wood. CRATEGUS COCCINEA (scarlet). A small tree, 20 to 30 feet high, sometimes with a few straight thorns, and heart- shaped, sharply-toothed, smooth leaves. Flowers white, with red anthers; May. Fruit large, egg-shaped, bright coral-red. Introduced from the United States (1683). C. Crus-GALLi (cock’s-spur). Cockspur Thorn. Shrub or small tree, 10 to 30 feet high, beset with strong curved spines. Leaves oval- wedge-shaped, shining, shortly stalked. Flowers large, white, tinged with red, anthers red; May. Fruit bright red, showy, edible. Intro- duced from North America (1691). There are several good varieties. C. Doveiasit (Douglas’). Shrub, 10 to 15 feet high, with reddish twigs and straight, rigid spines. Leaves oval, shining, wedge-shaped at base, doubly toothed. Flowers white ; May. Fruit small, dark purple. Introduced from Western North America (1827). C. FLAVA (yellow). Small tree, 12 to 20 feet high. Leaves egg- shaped, slightly lobed and round toothed, wedge-shaped at base. Flowers mostly solitary, white; May. Fruit pear-shaped, yellow, edible. Intro- duced from South-East United States (1724). C. HETEROPHYLLA (various-leaved). Small tree, 15 to 20 feet high, with smooth leaves, somewhat three-lobed at the apex, slightly toothed. Flowers white, in many-flowered corymbs; May. Introduced from the Orient (1816). | C. ORIENTALIS (oriental). Small tree, 12 to 20 feet high, with woolly branches, and deeply-toothed, three-lobed leaves. Flowers white ; May and June. Introduced from the Orient (1810). C. OxYAcaNnTHA (sharp-spined). Whitethorn, Hawthorn, or May. Small tree, 15 to 20 feet high, very spiny. Leaves egg-shaped, with wedge-shaped base, with three or more lobes, shining. Flowers white, produced abundantly, usually sweet-scented, but occasi nally unpleasant ; May or June. Fruit, dark red or yellow, mealy, edible, but uninviting. : Principal Species. t “orymbs. The calyx ig top-shaped 176 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE Native. There are very many varieties, of which the dark red flowered rosea swperba is the most popular. C, PyRACANTHA (pyramidal-spined). Evergreen Thorn. Shrub, 10 to 15 feet high, with small evergreen, lance-shaped, saw-toothed leaves, and white or pinkish flowers; May. Fruit orange-scarlet, in dense clusters, which remain on the tree almost throughout the winter. There is a variety with white berries. Introduced from Southern Europe (1629). C. TANACETIFOLIA (Tansy-leaved). Small tree, 10 to 15 feet high, with deeply-lobed, downy leaves, and white flowers; May. Fruit globose, greenish yellow. Introduced from the Orient (1789). ica Thorns are most commonly used for hedging, and — there is nothing better for the purpose ; much of the beauty of our country in spring is due to this use. But Thorns that are allowed to develop naturally and form a round head are a magnificent sight when covered with their snowy blossoms. They thrive in almost any soil, light or heavy, and will survive any ill-treatment. - Whether grown as hedge, bush, tree, or choice pot-plant, the flowers come freely. They may be raised from seeds or cuttings, and the special varieties grafted or budded Ds tena vigorous stocks of the common.species. The seeds may be sown in drills or furrows, in well dug soil. This may be done soon after the seeds are ripe, or in the following spring; the drills being made about an inch and a half deep. For raising on a large scale, it is advisable to make a little heap of the “haws” soon after they are ripe, in order to root away the fleshy portion ; they are then mixed with sand and buried at a depth of five or six inches, where they are left till the next autumn, and then sown. They do not germinate rapidly, and a succession of young plants may be raised from the one sowing for several years. The seedlings are removed when about a year old, the roots shortened with a sharp knife, and transplanted in their permanent stations. They may be trained over walls, grown as standards, or kept for several years as pot-plants. PHOTINIAS Natural Order Rosacrr, Genus Photinia (including Eriobotriv) — PHOTINIA (Greek, small ; : rae 2 ow evergreens with handsome leathery, alternate €rous small white flowers in terminal panicles or or bell-shaped, with five lobes. photeinos, shining, from the laurel-like leaves). 4 ROSE—‘‘ GENERAL JACQUEMINOT se (HYBRID PERPETUAL) Nat. size PL. 84 _joitan baat INDIAN HAWTHORN 177 There are five spreading petals and about twenty stamens. The fruit is more or less egg-shaped, in some species edible; the cells not bony as in Crategus. There are about a dozen species, natives of the mountainous regions of India, China, Japan, and California. PHOTINIA ARBUTIFOLIA (Arbutus-leaved). Californian May-bush. A tree, from 10 to 20 feet high, with oblong- lance-shaped, saw-toothed leaves, and panicled white flowers; July. The leaf-stalks and young branches are bright red. Introduced from California (1796). P. JAPONICA (Japanese). Loquat, or Japanese Medlar. A tree, from 10 to 20 feet high, with large oblong, wrinkled leaves, downy beneath. Flowers white, in drooping racemes; November. Fruit oval, “the size of a small apple,” pale orange tinged with red, of a sub- acid flavour not unlike that of an apple; ripening in spring or early summer. The tree is sufficiently hardy to withstand our ordinary winters out of doors, but one of extra severity kills. Owing to the late flowering period the fruit cannot be ripened out of doors, but — as a pot-plant in the stove it ripens easily. Introduced to Kew from China (1787). P. SERRULATA (toothed). Chinese Hawthorn. A tree, 10 to 20 feet high, with large oblong, toothed leaves, and small white flowers in flat terminal corymbs; April to July. Introduced from China (1804). Photinias are well suited for training against walls outside, where they can be given slight protection in very severe weather. They should in any case be given a sheltered position, and a light loamy soil. Propagation is effected by means of cuttings, or by grafting upon stocks of Pyrus Cydonia. The cuttings should be taken about three inches long from the side-shoots, inserted in sandy soil and covered with a bell-glass. Grafting is practised for out- door growth, and the method adopted is that known as cleft-grafting. April is about the best time for the operation, and the graft should be contrived as near the ground as possible. Principal Species. Cultivation. INDIAN HAWTHORN Natural Order Rosacrez. Genus Rhaphiolepis RHAPHIOLEPIS (Greek rhaphis, a needle, and lepis, a scale, in allusion to the slender bracts). A genus containing about five species of hardy or half-hardy evergreen shrubs or trees, allied to Photinia. They have 11.—4 178 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE alternate, leathery, stalked leaves, and white or red flowers in racemes or panicles. The calyx is funnel-shaped, with five awl-shaped lobes, which fall away when the flower withers. The petals are clawed, five in number, oblong; stamens numerous. Fruit, a pulpy berry, with one or two cells. They are natives of China and J apan. Srhaeinl Spiacios RHAPHIOLEPIS INDICA (Indian). Indian Hawthorn. ‘A half-hardy shrub, 4 feet high, with egg-shaped or lance-shaped leaves. Flowers white or pinkish, as large as those of Crategus Oxyacantha, in short, terminal panicles ; February to August. Introduced from China (1806). There are several varieties which are usually regarded in our greenhouses as distinct species; rubra has reddish flowers; phcostemon has white flowers with brown stamens; salicifolia has white flowers and slender lance - shaped, willow-like leaves, Ru. JAPONICA (Japanese), Hardy shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, with glossy, dark green, oval leaves apparently in whorls at the ends of the branches. Flowers pure white, 3-inch across, fragrant, in erect terminal panicles; June, Introduced from J apan (1865). Gulitvailen, Rhaphiolepis should be grown in a compost of loam, evere weather to cover it with mats, The J apanese S well as singly. Either species may be pro- pagated from cuttings, which are made from the ripened wood, and struck in sand under a bell-glass, AMELANCHIERS Natural Order Rosacrz. Genus Amelanchier AMELANCHTER (the name applied to the Medlar in Savoy). A genus of four or five species of hardy shrubs or small trees, with alternate, deciduous, toothed leaves, and White flowers in racemes. The lobes . = —. do not fall off as in Rhaphiolepis, and the fruit is three- : ve-ce led. © species are natives of the Mediterranean sha a apan, and North America, 4. vulgaris has been grown in British oe for at least three hundred years; and is esteemed for the fine sae toe flowers in spring and the autumnal tints of its foliage, re than for its edible, though not particularly palatable, fruit. SILVERY CINQUEFOIL (POTENTILLA ATROSANGUINEA) 4/, Nat. size PL. 85 COTONEASTERS 179 AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS (Canadian). Grape Pear. A small tree, 6 to 8 feet high, with oblong-elliptic leaves, ending in a sharp point, and a profusion of white flowers ; April. The fruit, which is small and sparingly produced, is purplish in colour, of a pleasant flavour, ripening in June. Introduced from Canada (1746). There are several varieties generally regarded in gardens as distinct species. A. VULGARIS (common). Common Amelanchier. A shrub, from 3 to 9 feet high, with roundish-oval leaves, and abundant white flowers ; April. Fruit dark purple. Introduced from Europe about 1596. Amelanchiers may be grown without difficulty in a rich loamy soil, out of doors. They are propagated by seed sown as soon as ripe; by layering the lower shoots; by taking cuttings in autumn; or by grafting in spring upon stocks of Quince or Hawthorn. Principal Species. Cultivation. COTONEASTERS Natural Order Rosace&. Genus Cotoneaster CoToNEASTER (the old Roman name, signifying Quince-like). A genus comprising about fifteen species of hardy shrubs or small trees, with leathery, often downy, leaves, and small white or pink flowers, which are solitary, or grouped in few-flowered cymes. The calyx-tube is top- shaped or bell-shaped, with five persistent lobes. Petals five; stamens numerous, inserted at the mouth of the calyx ; carpels two to five, and fruit small, with two to five bony stones. The species are natives of Europe, temperate Asia, North Africa, and Mexico. C. vulgaris occurs in Britain, but only on the limestone cliffs of the Great Orme’s Head, in Carnarvonshire. CoTONEASTER AFFINIS (a cousin). A shrub, about 4 feet high, with lance-shaped leaves and pinkish flowers in large cymes; April and May. Fruits of an intense scarlet hue, remaining on the plant well through the winter. Introduced from Himalaya (1820). C. BUXIFOLIA (box-leaved). A small shrub, 3 or 4 feet high, with elliptic evergreen leaves, woolly beneath. Flowers white, rather large, in two- to six-flowered cymes; April and May. Berries scarlet. Intro- duced from Himalaya (1824). : C. rrictpa (cold). Shrub or small tree, 10 feet high, robust wing. Leaves oblong-lance-shaped, woolly beneath ; sub-evergreen. Flowers white, in many-flowered, woolly cymes; April and May. Principal Species. 180 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE Berries scarlet, in large clusters, forming the chief attraction of this species. Himalaya (1824). : C. MICROPHYLLA (small-leaved). Evergreen shrub, 3 to 4 feet high, with trailing branches, Leaves egg Sub-evergreen shrub, with rhombie- silky beneath, persisting through = ogether, or solitary, on short latera es oblong, bright vermilion, persisting ced from Himalaya. foot me-leaved). Evergreen shrub, less than 1 fe high. Leaves egg-shaped, silvery white beneath. Flowers sma , pinkish; April. Fruits scarlet. Himalaya (1852). : Fi - VULGARIS (common). Erect shrub, 3 to 5 feet high, with broad, elliptic-oblong leaves, downy beneath, flowered cymes; May and June. branches; April or May. Berri through winter. Introdu C. THYMIFOLIA (Thy All the species of Cotoneaster are worthy of cultivation, Cultivation, th IS evergreen in ¢ standard-high on Hawthorn will cover as rapid] upon which to gra he severest. winters ; it should be grafted stocks, and grown against a wall, which it yaslvy. C.afinisand@ frigida are useful as stocks ft the evergreen species, CINQUEFOILS purple blossoms, bracts: the petals regions; two only in Se ee ee ee a ae a ee SCARLET AVENS (GEUM CHILOENSE) 2/, Nat. size PL. 86 CINQUEFOILS 181 The Potentillas are nearly allied to the Fragarias, or Strawberries, and have very similar flowers; they are chiefly distinguished by the character of the receptacle upon which the fruits (achenes) are developed. In Potentilla this is small and dry, but in Fragaria it is large and juicy. Most of the British species are neat and pretty, and in the early days of gardening in this country were probably more cultivated than they are now; but more than two hundred and fifty years ago we began to introduce exotic species. The first of these was P. grandiflora from Siberia (1640), and P. recta from South Europe in 1648, followed in 1680 by P. monspeliensis from France, and P. opaca from South Europe. The year 1822 saw the introduction of three good species _ from Himalaya—P. atrosanguinea, P. nepalensis, and P. splendens. In cultivation many hybrids have been produced, chiefly by crossing atrosanguinea and P. nepalensis, and these are in greater request than the original species. : Sieeati pede pertins POTENTILLA ALBA (white). Stems weak, trailing; the lower leaves of five leaflets, the upper with three. Flowers nearly an inch across, white with an orange ring near the centre; February to August. Native of the European Alps. P. ATROSANGUINEA (dark-blood.) Silvery Cinquefoil. Stems hairy, branching, about 2 feet high. Leaves trefoils; the leaflets saw-toothed, and covered with silvery down beneath. Flowers 1} to 2 inches across, of a beautiful dark crimson colour; May to July. Plate 85. P. comarum (arbutus-like). Marsh Cinquefoil. Stems more or less creeping, purple-brown. Leaflets five to seven, pinnately arranged, coarsely saw-toothed, pale beneath; stipules large. Petals dark purple- brown, smaller than the purplish sepals; June and July. Fruits many achenes, disposed on a crimson, dry, spongy cone, like the fruit of Arbutus. A native of our bogs and marshes. P. rruTICOSA (shrubby). Stem shrubby, with flaking bark, 2 to 4 feet high. Leaflets three or five, lance-shaped, margins turned back, and untoothed; hairy. Flowers few, 14 inch across, rich yellow, in terminal cymes; June and July. Bracts lance-shaped. Native of Britain. — P. NEPALENSIS (native of Nepal). Very similar to P. atrosanguined, differing chiefly in the character of the radical leaves, which have five leaflets instead of three. Flowers in June and July. _P. pyrenaica (Pyrenean). Stems 1 to 1} foot. Radical leaves long-stalked, with oblong leaflets, toothed only towards the tips; stem- leaves short-stalked, three- to five-lobed. Flowers large, deep yellow; petals very round, overlapping ; June to August. ‘P. RUPESTRIS (growing on rocks). Stems 1 to 2 feet, branched. I.—5 History. 182 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE Radical leaves, with slender footstalks, and five pinnate leaflets. Stem- leaves with three leaflets, few, almost stalkless. Flowers few, 1 inch across, white; May and June. A native of Europe and Wales. P. RUSSELLIANA (Russell’s). A hybrid, probably the offspring of P. atrosanguinea x nepalensis. Stem 1 foot. Leaves trefoils. Flowers nearly 2 inches across, of a rich blood-red colour; July to September. Many other hybrids and varieties will be found in the lists of good firms. The Cinquefoils succeed as a rule in ordinary garden soil, but they prefer one that is sandy in character. The most appropriate situation for most of the species is the rock-garden or a stony bank. P. comarum, however, is used to a marsh habitat, and it would be well to give it a damp position and mix peat or cocoanut-fibre with the soil about its roots. They come readily from seeds or by dividing the roots; in the case of hybrids, of course, the latter method of propagation must be relied upon. Description of The upper portion of a stem of Potentilla atrosan- iste 8. guinea, with a couple of radical leaves. It will be seen that the name Cinquefoil is a misnomer in this case, but popularly the large stipules also count as leaflets, and so help to constitute the five-fold leaf, Culture, AVENS Natural Order Rosacea. Genus Gewin GEUM (the old Latin name, said to be derived from the Greek geuo, to give to taste, the roots of Geum urbanum being aromatic). A genus of about thirty erect-growing, hardy, perennial herbs. They have large dissected radical leaves, of which the terminal leaflet is always much larger than the others, The stipules grow to the leaf-stalk. The honey ed grow solitarily or in corymbs, and are white, yellow, or red in colour. Like Potentilla, the calyx has, in addition to its five lobes, as many little bracts immediately below it. Petals five; stamens many, crowded; carpels numerous with thread-like styles. When these carpels have developed into a round head of achenes, the styles in some species have become hooked hairs, which catch in the fur of animals, and so secure distribution. The Species are found throughout the temperate and cold regions of the earth. Two species of Gewm are indigenous in Britain: G. urbanwm, common in every wood and hedgerow, and @. rivale, less plentiful by the sides of streams. The former has small CREEPING SAILOR (SAXIFRAGA SARMENTOSA) a Nat. size PL. 87 AVENS 183 yellow flowers, and is apt to become a troublesome weed when introduced to the garden; but G. rivale was probably transplanted from its native streams at an early date. Of the exotic species, the white-flowered @. album, introduced from North America in 1730, was probably the first to be cultivated here. G. strictum, from the same quarter of the globe, was introduced in 1778, G. pyrenaicum from the Pyrenees, 1804. G. chiloense, the species most frequently cultivated, came from Chile in 1824. Several others are of more recent introduction, such as G. rheticum, thought to be a natural hybrid between G. montanwm and G. reptans, discovered in the Engadine in 1886. cionibeuiiad GEUM CHILOENSE (Chilian). Scarlet Avens. Stems ‘ glandular, about 2 feet high. Radical leaves interruptedly pinnate, leaflets lobed and boldly toothed. Stem-leaves three-parted, deeply cut. Flowers scarlet and copper-coloured, 14 inch across, in leafy terminal panicles; May to August. Plate 86. “This is often known in gardens by the incorrect name of G. coccinewm, which belongs to a distinct species. There is a very handsome var. flore pleno, with dazzling scarlet double flowers. G. coccrnEuM (scarlet). Stem solitary, erect, about a foot high. Radical leaves tufted, spreading with five or seven leaflets ; stem-leaves simple, three-lobed, toothed. Flowers erect, on terminal foot-stalks ; petals clawed, purplish. G. ELATUM (tall), Stem slender, forked, 3 to 4 feet. Radical leaves somewhat similar to those of G. coccmewm; stem-leaves small, with larger stipules. Flowers on long, slender, erect stalks; petals notched, - golden yellow; July. Introduced from Himalaya (1880). G. MonTANUM (mountain) is a spring flowering dwarf species (6 to 12 inches high). Leaves covered with soft hairs. Flowers yellow, erect. G. pyRENAICcUM (Pyrenean). Stems erect, unbranched, 14 foot high. fsimilarcl tar to those of G.chiloense, but lower leaflets smaller. UIDY i Flowers yellow, nodding, one to four ‘nacluster; June. Whole plant hairy. G. RIVALE (near the river). Stems erect, unbranched, 1 to 3 feet, downy. Leaves similar to those of G. chiloense, but very variable ; stipules small. Flowers drooping, an inch to an inch and a half in diameter ; calyx red-brown, downy ; petals yellow; May to July. Geums are propagated by seed sown in spring out of doors, or by divisions of the tufts at the same season. Their culture is simple, for they succeed in any well-drained soil. They are well suited for the rock-garden, but G. rivale, which is a moisture- loving species, should have a place at the foot of the rockery. &. elatwm, being tall, will do better in the border. Culture. 184 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE Description of Geum chiloense, the Scarlet Avens, is here represented, Plate 86. with flowers about one-third less than the natural size. The section through flower (Fig. 1) shows the arrangement of the carpels around the conical receptacle, surrounded by the crowd of stamens. Fig. 2 shows a solitary carpel with its long erect style. SAXIFRAGES Natural Order SAXIFRAGER. Genus Sax ifraga SAXIFRAGA (Latin, saxi, rocks, and fréyi, to break : many species growing among rocks). A genus of great importance to the gardener, nearly every one of the one hundred and sixty species being beautiful and suitable for cultivation, Mostly perennial, a few annual, herbs. Leaves variable, the radical ones frequently forming a rosette from which the flowering stems arise; stem-leaves usually alternate. The base of the leaf-stalk becomes a sheath, partially enclosing the next newer one. The flowers are white or yellow, rarely red or purple; honey producing, and the stamens ripening before the pistils. The calyx is tubular, with five lobes. Petals five; stamens ten, occasionally five ; ovary two-celled, two-lobed, two-styled. Fruit a two-beaked, two-valyed capsule, with many small rough seeds. The species are distributed throughout the north temperate — and Arctic zones, and in the Andes, Twelve of the species are British. ; History. As the British species include Saxifraga wmbrosa, the London Pride, which is found wild in the West and South- brought out by Messrs. London & Wise, the royal florists, Prior to that wa... ie area Pride had belonged to the old-fashioned Sweet fave ce nthus barbatus). The earliest foreign species of which we meas 1. were S. cotyledon and S. rotundifolia, which reached us prior © 1096, the former from the European Alps, and the latter from Austria. pet otha are of comparatively recent importation: S. Aizoon, from the gi HONEA Bes > from Switzerland in 1752; S. crassifolia, from ; a i 8. cunerfolia, from Switzerland in 1768; and S. sarmen- ost, the well-known Creeping Sailor or Wandering Jew of cottage windows, from China in 1771. Our own century has added many species LONDON PRIDE (SAXIFRAGA UMBROSA) ‘ é (m (B) SAXIFRAGA HUETII — Nat. size 88 é _ Pyrenees, 1871; S. valdensis, Alps, 1871; S. peltata, California, 1873; S. SAXIFRAGES 185 to our gardens, such as 8S. ligulata, N epal, 1821; S. burseriana, Alps, 1826 ; S. maweana, Tetuan, 1827; 8. Fortunei, Japan, 1863; 8. longifolia > Canvposii, Spain, 1882; S. diver Lfolia, India, 1882; S. sancta, Mount Athos, 1882; S. cortusefolia, Japan, 1883, and 8. Huguenini, Swiss Alps, 1886. rom a genus so large, and of species so generall preside, cee desirable, it is not easy to make a sent ee We have included the best-known forms in the following list, but it must not be supposed that non-inelusion implies unsuitability for the gardener’s purposes. SAXIFRAGA AIZOIDES (Aizoon-like). Stems tufted, first erect, then falling prostrate ; branched and leafy, often forming large green cushion- like masses. Leaves very narrow oblong; lower leaves crowded, those on flowering stems scattered and more slender. Flowers, half an inch across, golden yellow with red dots; June and July. Native. S. A1zoon (always living). Stems 5 to 10 inches, erect. Radical leaves clustered, thick, spoon-shaped, the toothed margins white and cartilaginous. Flowers creamy, spotted at base, on a many-flowered scape that is covered with sticky down; June. There are many natural varieties of this species. S. BURSERIANA (Burser’s). Densely tufted, very dwarf. Leaves forming a rosette, three-edged, sharply pointed, glaucous. Flowers solitary, large, milk-white with yellowish nerves ; edges of petals curled back ; March to June. S. casIA (grey). Stems 1} to 3 inches high. Radical leaves very slender, keeled below, margined with dots above; forming rosettes. Stem-leaves few. Flowers white, in small panicles; petals clawed; . May and June. ‘ _§. casprrosa (tufted). Flowering stems 3 inches high; flowerless ones 1 inch, densely tufted. Leaves wedge-shaped, three- to five-lobed. Flowers bell-shaped, white ; July and August. Weege-shaped ; white or glaucous; lower ones forming a History. PrincipalSpecies. COTYLEDON SECUNDA, var. glauca = Nat. size PL. 96 COTYLEDONS 201 rosette. Flowers reddish orange, tinged with purple, in panicles; October. Native of Mexico (1828). C. Peacockit (Peacock’s). Flower-stem lateral, slender, reddish brown; 1 foot. Leaves spoon-shaped, large, pale glaucous, edged with red, forming a close rosette. Flowers bright red; July. Introduced from Mexico (1874). C. RETUSA (blunt-leaved). Flowering stem 14 foot high. Leaves spoon-shaped, glaucous, the largest faintly toothed; stem-leaves narrow, quite entire. Flowers scarlet in panicles; petals keeled, humped at the base. In the greenhouse this flowers freely from November to April. Plate 95. C. sECUNDA (turned aside—in reference to flower-stem). Flowering stem 1 foot high. Leaves wedge-shaped, with a stiff point at tip, glaucous, forming a rosette. Flowers red externally, yellow within; petals keeled; June to August. There are several varieties, of which glauca, figured on Plate 96, is one of the best. C. UMBILICUS (navel). Wall Pennywort; Pennypies; Navelwort. Leaves roundish, hollowed in centre, stalk attached to centre of under- side (peltate). Flowers greenish white, drooping, in long erect racemes ; May and June. This is a hardy native of neat habit, suitable for growing in the crevices of old walls, where its singular flowers have a pretty effect. Cotyledons make handsome pot-plants for decorative purposes, and are invaluable where ornamental bedding is carried out. They require winter protection, but in most cases the shelter of a dry frame, covered with mats in severe weather, is sufficient. Some, however, like C. gibbiflora, must be kept almost dry in a dry, warm house during the winter. The great danger to be guarded against in plants of this character is damping-off from too much moisture at the roots, or from drip upon the leaves. A well-drained sandy loam is the best for successfully growing Cotyledons. Many of the species and varieties are suitable for window-gardening. Propagation is sometimes effected by seeds (necessarily so in the case of annual species), but usually by cuttings and divisions, or by detaching -leaves and striking them. Cuttings should be taken early in summer, and they should be allowed to dry at the severed part before putting them into a close, cool frame until rooted. Early in autumn these cuttings should be potted in sandy - loam and placed in the greenhouse. Some of the species produce few or no offshoots, and from these leaves must be carefully pulled off without injury in autumn. These are laid on dry sand in pans in a warm house. No water should be given until tiny plants have formed at the edge of IL.——iG Cultivation. Fei :: "a a 4 a Ne 202 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE the leaf; then they must be watered, and as soon as sufficiently grown they should be potted. Description of Plate 95. Cotyledon retusa. Fig. 1, enlarged flower; Plates and Fic. 2, section of same. Plate 96. C. secunda, var. glauca. Fig. 1, enlarged section of flower; Fig. 2, transverse section of fruit. PETS gee Sere sah pacientes STONECROPS Natural Order CRASSULACEH. Genus Sedum SEDUM (Latin, sedeo, to sit, from the half-recumbent habit of some of the species). A large genus of succulent herbs, usually with alternate leaves and white, yellow, pink, or blue flowers in cymes. The calyx is four- or five-lobed ; petals separate, four or five; stamens four or five; carpels four or five, distinct or joined at the base, styles short. The fruits are follicles. The one hundred and twenty known species are distributed through the Temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and a few in America. . No less than eight species of Sedwm are indigenous to Britain, and having regard to the neat habit of most of these, and the fact that we began introducing exotic species three undred years ago, it is no wild shot to surmise that from very early times our wild Sedums found place in our gardens. On the garden walls, the fanciful grottoes, and the roofs of garden sheds they would have their place, as we may gather from their names of Wall Pepper and Small Houseleeks; besides being used for bordering, for which purpose S. aere and similar dwarf forms are so suitable. The first foreign species to be introduced was S. Anacampseros from the a Continent in 1596, followed by another European species, S. Cepwa, 1640. 8. Aizoon, an old-fashioned garden plant, came from Siberia in 1757. 8. Ewersii, one of the best, though rather tender, is also Siberian (introduced 1829); whilst the somewhat similar 9. Sieboldii came from Japan in 1836. Principal Species, SEDUM ACRE (acrid). Wall Pepper, or Biting Stone crop. Stems 3 to 5 inches. Leaves thick, oval-oblong, blunt, humped at the base ; closely laid one on another in six series: : Flowers yellow, about half an inch across; June and July. The flowering stems are far less leafy than the barren ones. Native perennial. There are several garden varieties recognised; var. awrewm has the leaves of a History. V us ) Letter py, Ri ii] [o#/ RAY) SEDUM SPECTABILE Nat. size PL. 97 STONECROPS 203 _ golden yellow tint in spring; var. elegans has silvery leaves and tips of the shoots; var. majus, larger in all respects than the type. S. A1zoon (Aizoon-like). Stems, several, 1 foot high, erect, un- branched, somewhat angular. Leaves oblong-lance-shaped, coarsely toothed, with prominent midrib. Flowers yellow, }-inch diam., in loose panicled cymes ; July to September. Hardy perennial. S. ALBUM (white). Stems, barren ones prostrate, flowering ones pinkish, erect, 6 to 10 inches. Leaves narrowly oblong, blunt, narrowed at base, spreading, alternate. Flowers white, nearly 3-inch diam., in corym- bose cymes; July and August. Native perennial, rare in the wild state. S. ANGLIcUM (English). Flowering stems, glaucous or reddish, leafy, 1 to 2 inches. Leaves alternate, crowded, ovoid oblong, humped at the base. Flowers white or pink, }-inch diam., crowded at top of stem; petals lance-shaped, keeled, carpels pink; May to August. Native perennial. ; S. CERULEUM (bright blue). Stems 2 to 3 inches, branched from _the base. Leaves oblong, blunt, tufted; pale green dotted with red. Flowers pale blue, }-inch in diam., in many-flowered cymes; July. A bright little annual, introduced from the Mediterranean region (1822). S. Ewersu (Ewers’). Rootstock thick, giving off many trailing and ascending branches. Leaves opposite, almost round, }-inch across, with heart-shaped, stem-clasping base. Flowers numerous, pink or violet, with darker spots; in dense globose cymes; August and September. Tender perennial. _ §.GLaucum (glaucous). Barren stems, branched, 2 inches long ; _ flowering stems 3 to 4 inches, reddish. Leaves very slender, greenish grey _ becoming reddish, }-inch long ; densely crowded. Flowers pinkish, in um- bellate cymes, many flowered; July. Hardy perennial; native of Europe. S. JAPONICUM (Japanese). Stems diffuse. Leaves spreading, slightly reflexed, oblong, pointed, upper side channelled, lower convex. Flowers _ yellow, in many-flowered, loose panicled cymes; June to August. Native of Japan (1866). Perennial. S. Lyprum (Lydian). Barren stems purplish, erect, 2 to 3 inches ; flowering stems 4 to 5 inches. Leaves very slender, half-round, eared at base, raised dots at tip. Flowers minute, pinkish, in many-flowered corymbose cymes; July and August. A very neat little perennial introduced from Asia Minor in 1867. : S. MAXIMUM (largest). Stems erect, 1 to 2 feet high, sometimes purple. Leaves opposite, oval, somewhat heart-shaped, clasping the Stem. Flowers whitish, spotted with red, in panicled cymes; August and September. Europe. There are a number of varieties of this fine 204 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE perennial, some of them being not particularly distinct, but var. corsicwm has yellow flowers; the vars. pachyphyllum, preruptorum, recur- vum, rigidum, and serotinum have greenish flowers, with small points of difference between themselves. The var. hamatodes has erect, deep purple stems over 2 feet high, and opposite purplish leaves 5 inches long and 3 inches broad, coarsely toothed ; whitish red-tipped flowers in panicled cymes. S. REFLEXUM (turned back). Stone Orpine. Stems trailing. Leaves” cylindric with awl-shaped tips, spreading and reflexed, in about six series, crowded. Flowers bright yellow; July and August. Native perennial. . There is a smaller variety (albescens) with glaucous leaves, and pale. #4 yellow flowers; the leaves of the flowering stem differing from the type in not being reflexed. In the var. cristatum the stems are flattened out to a great extent, so that at their summit they are several inches broad. S. ROSEUM (rosy). Rose-root. Rootstock woody, thick and S. SARMENTOSUM (twiggy). Stems 4 to 6 inches high, pinkish, branched. Leaves almost cylindric, pointed at tip and slightly humped at base; crowded. Flowers numerous, bright yellow, }-inch in diam., combined in a flat-topped umbellate cyme. Native of China. Green- house perennial. Plate 98s, S. Steso.pmi (Siebold’s). Stems branched, 9 inches; branches erect, purplish. Leaves nearly round or rounded wedge-shaped, bluish green with pinkish margins ; in whorls of three. Flowers pink, in umbellate cymes; August. Plate 98a. There is a variety with yellow variegation. Greenhouse perennial. i S. SPECTABILE (worthy of notice). Stems 1} to 2 feet high. Leaves oval or spoon-shaped, slightly toothed, opposite or in whorls of three or four. Flowers pink, 4-inch in diam., in umbellate cymes; August to October. Hardy Perennial ; native of Japan. Plate 97. S. TELEPHIUM (springing up). Common Orpine, or Live Long. Root- stock short and stout; stems from 6 inches to 2 feet high, sometimes spotted with red. Leaves as much as 3 inches long, oblong or oval, bluntly toothed. Flowers one-third of an inch across, pink, white, or white . spotted with pink, in dense corymbose cymes; J uly and August. Native perennial. There are a number of varieties of thi ibceics The natural habitat of most species of Sedwm is upon — or ainong rocks, stony banks, old walls, and similar dry 7, : i Vii: “Ba (A) SEDUM SIEBOLDII (B) SEDUM SARMENTOSUM Nat. size PL. 98 HOUSELEEKS 205 situations. S. rosewm, however, selects moist alpine rocks, whilst S. anglicum grows upon maritime rocky cliffs, and quite abundantly on isolated rock masses with scarcely any earth. In the garden they will grow almost anywhere, in the driest parts of the rock-garden, in the sunny border, or as parts of geometrical designs in ornamental bedding. Tender species like S. Siebuldii and S. Ewersii must be potted and given greenhouse protection. For potting, a loamy soil should be used, and a stone or two plunged in it, as they like to develop their roots round them. Propagation may be effected either by seeds, cuttings, or divisions. Cuttings may be taken at any time, but division of the clumps should be performed in spring to preserve their neat and regular appearance. Description of Plate 97 shows the upper portions of the flowering Plates 97 and 98. stems of Sedwm spectabile. Figures 1 and 2 are separate flowers, enlarged and cut through respectively. Plate 98 represents two of the greenhouse species—A, S. Sieboldii, and I, an enlarged flower; B, S. sarmentosum. HOUSELEEKS Natural Order CrassuLAcEm. Genus Sempervivum SEMPERVIVUM (the old Latin name, from semper and vivum, living for ever). A genus of about fifty succulent herbs or under-shrubs, with the radical leaves forming dense rosettes, and the stem-leaves alternate. calyx is divided into six or many parts, the sepals agreeing in number with the divisions of the calyx. The stamens are usually twice the _ number of the petals, half of them sometimes imperfect or transformed into carpels. Carpels as many as petals; styles thread-like. The species are natives of Europe, North Africa, Madeira, the Canaries, Western Asia, _ and Himalaya. Sempervivum tectorum, the well-known Houseleek, was introduced to this country from the Continent so ng ago that there is no record of its first appearance, and it is former from the Canaries, and the other from Italy. S. soboliferum, if—-33 206 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE : from the remarkable Hen and Chickens Houseleek, was ner The Austria; and in 1731 §. globiferum was imported from hence’ i al well-known S. tabuleforme is a native of rome ria six years first brought in 1817 ; and 8. flagelliforme came from Si i nent later. Among the more recent introductions may ther-namel ae 8. Royeni (1874), known in gardens by half a dozen c troduced from whose native country is unknown, and JS. arenarium, intr ogee SEMPERVIVUM ARACHNOIDEUM (cobwebby). ee — stem4 to 6incheshigh. Leaves Real aieres: oe tips with minute glandular down; about fifty leaves in a ae bh hee on connected by long white hairs, and the outer oot er: crimson, the outer side; Stem-leaves with tuft of hairs at tip. ae otal three-quarters of an inch across, in dense cymes, panicled ; mee va : lance-shaped, nine to twelve in number; June. Plate 99. | | ert is a larger form, : 6 ae secu (tree-like), Stem smooth, tree-like, ce feet high. Leaves smooth, wedge-shaped, forming rosettes - ck of the branches, Flowers golden yellow in a loose panicle ; Ma t in a sunny December. The var. atropurpureum, when planted ou ata Position, becomes purple-black in colour; the var. variegatu the green leaves edged with white, S. ARENARIUM (sand-lovin Leaves lance-shaped, the rosette. Flowers 1} to 1s August. "S CANARIENSE (native of the Canaries). Stem 18 inches. ane Spoon-shaped, hairy, forming a rosette; stem-leaves oval, gr July. Owers white, with nine or ten slender petals; panicled; June an S. FLAGELLIFORME (whip-like), closely covered with red-tj g). Flowering stem 6 to 9 inches, ee edges finely fringed, about sixty — inch across ; petals six, pale yellow; Jun across, in large panicles ; petals dull reddish; June to August. cok S. SOBOLIFERUy (bearing offshoots). Hen and Chickens House — Flowering stem robust, 6 to 9 inches, closely invested by leav Leaves wedge-shaped-ova] Small rosettes produ LEEK EBBY HOUSE COBW (SEMPERVIVUM ARACHNOIDEUM) ~~ size Nat. PL. 99 MYRTLE 207 are attached only by thread-like stems. Flowers with six or seven pale-yellow lance-shaped petals; in a dense panicle; June to August. S. TABULEFORME (table-shaped). Leaves spoon-shaped, fringed, ‘closely packed in a flat rosette. Flowers pale sulphur-coloured, with ten to twelve narrow lance-shaped petals; June and Ju S. TEcTorUM (roof-haunting). Common Houseleek, or Jupiter's Beard. Flowering stem, 1 foot long, velvety. Leaves wedge-shaped- oval, with purple tip and fringed edges; fifty or sixty forming a rosette. Flowers nearly an inch across, petals dull purple, lance-shaped, fringed ; panicled; July. Sempervivums require no more special treatment than do Sedums. They all like a sandy soil, and they do not mind if it is hot and dry. Droughts have little terror for them. They are, therefore, very suitable for the driest coigns of rockwork old walls, old roofs, and so forth. The more tender greenhouse species must have some care taken of them during the winter, but in the middle of summer they may be turned out to decorate the beds or borders with advantage to both plants and beds. They are increased by seeds or divisions. Most of them produce offsets, and these, if separated, will soon send out independent roots and grow. Several of the species found in Madeira, i.e. S. arboreum, S. dorami, etc., are handsome greenhouse plants thriving in a strong loamy soil. Description of Sempervivum arachnoideum, the Cobweb Houseleek, Plate 99. is here shown of the natural size. Fig. 1 is a section, through a much-enlarged flower. Cultivation. MYRTLE Natural Order MyrtacE&. Genus Myrtus Myrtus (Myrtos, the old Greek name). An extensive genus comprising about one hundred species of stove and greenhouse trees or shrubs. They vary greatly in size, from the dwarf M. nwmmularia, which spreads along the ground in the Falkland Isles, to the 30-feet tree of M. coriacea. The leaves are opposite and feather-veined, in some cases fragrant. The flowers consist of a top-shaped calyx-tube with four or five lobes ; an equal number of spreading petals ; twice as many, or an indefinite number of stamens; an ovary one- to six-celled, with simple style and stigma. The fruit is a dry or fleshy berry. The species are distributed throughout Tropical, Extra - tropical, and Western South America, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, and the Mediterranean region. 208 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE One species of Myrtus has been held in great esteem from the most ancient times, and regarded as sacred to Venus. Of this, the typical species, M. communis, the Greeks wove the leafy shoots into wreaths for the victors in the Olympic games, and in other ways dignified it. To-day it is esteemed on account of the perennial freshness and fragrance of its varnished leaves, and the brightness of its sweet-scented flowers. Although none of the species is hardy throughout Britain, M. communis endures the winter tempera- ture of the extreme South and South-West of England. Even in other parts it may last for several years, and attain considerable size, but a little extra severity in the winter kills it right off. The Common Myrtle was introduced to Britain from Southern Europe in 1597, and other sepa have been brought from China, South America, and the West Indies since, but M. communis is the only one in general cultivation. Principal Species, YRTUS cOMMUNIS (common). Common Mpyrtle. Stem branching, 3 to 10 feet high. Leaves oval or lance- shaped, entire, glossy, marked with transparent dots. Flowers white, solitary from the axils; July. There are several varieties distinguished by the narrowness, broadness, or variegation of their leaves, and in the — single or double flowers. Plate 100. we M. Uant (the name ofa former genus). Myrtilla. Stems 4 feet high. amigo pointed, smooth, the margins turned back, darker above aE neath. Flowers white or pink, axillary, solitary ; May. Fruit g - ular, glossy, red or black, aromatic and edible. One plant in fruit hls sed the greenhouse. Its fruits are’ made into a preserve in Pas “ie Cornwall, where it is grown in kitchen-gardens. Native of Chili (introduced 1845). Greenhouse perennial. Cultivation, The soil most suitable for the Myrtle is sandy loam cultiveiich ee = leaf-mould has been freely added. In outdoor where the w aly oes planted against a wall in a sunny position, protection can be a u oe noce pes ee hati pe — is easily compassed, Pim winter. Their treatment in the greenhous shoial bi oe — be taken that the pots never get dry ; ed treated to f » have plenty of water at this period, and f . duent. syringings, Propagation is effected by cuttings rom partially-ripened wood. i oe , kad 2 PPL hig mserted in a close frame until well-roovet. Plate 100, 4; th tos ion of a flowering branch of Myrtus commun, ¢ flowers in all stages of development, but mostly after the fall of the oe ; tals ; ‘ “ of a section thrdaph ue pea stamens. Fig. 1 is an enlarged drawing : if they are planted in the compost mention@a. = MYRTLE © (MYRTUS COMMUNIS) Nat. size PL 100 POMEGRANATE 209 POMEGRANATE Natural Order LyTHRARIEZ. Genus Punica Punica (from the ancient name Maluwm punicum, or Punic Apple, pro- bably derived from punicans, ruddy). A genus comprising one solitary species, whose description will render unnecessary our usual divisions of matter. It has been in cultivation from very early times, the cool and refreshing pulp being greatly valued in warm climates. It appears to be a native of Persia and the neighbouring region, whence it has been introduced into the Tropics, and there widely cultivated. Our own country received the plant in the year 1548, and it was formerly far more widely grown here than is the custom at present. As it is very rarely that fruits ripen, or that even the flowers properly develop here, it is not to be wondered that more manageable plants have in a measure ousted it from our gardens. a. UNICA GRANATUM (grains). Stem woody, 20 to 30 "feet high. Leaves oblong or lance-shaped, entire, without the dots noticed in Myrtus. Flowers usually scarlet, occasionally white or yellowish ; calyx thick and fleshy at first, afterwards leathery, top- shaped, with five to seven lobes; the petals agree in number with the lobes of the calyx—except, of course, in the double varieties; June to September. Fruit about 3} inches across, with a tough leathery rind of a golden hue suffused with red. This rind contains a great quantity of tannin, and is made use of ‘in preparing morroco-leather. The fruit is singular from the fact that it is built up of two series of carpels, one above the other. The contained seeds are separately invested with a coating of clear pulp. In the typical form this is sweet to the taste, but in some of the varieties it is acid or astringent. There is a variety with large double flowers. This flowers annually on a south wall out of doors at Kew. There is also a whitish double-flowered variety. P. nana is much smaller in all respects, and scarcely exceeds 5 or 6 feet. The leaves are much narrower, flowers smaller, and the fruit _ searcely larger than a walnut. It was introduced from the West Indies _ as a distinct species in the year 1723. | _ P. nana is grown as a pot-plant for the conservatory, ae and on a wall in the open air at Kew. In some parts of Germany P. nana is grown in the form of little bushes a foot high, and made to flower profusely in autumn. It is used as a decorative plant for Il.—12 ‘Cultivation. 210 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE rooms, ete. In the South and South-West of Britain, P. Granatwm may be grown out of doors, but it should have a warm sunny position. In other parts of the country, large pots or tubs are more suitable for it, as these may be kept in the greenhouse and put out of doors in hot sunny weather. The soil for potting should be a rich loam, the richer the better. It may be propagated by means of cuttings, layers, or suckers. Description of e extremity of a flowering shoot of Punica te10l. Granatwm is here shown. The flowers come in clusters of two, three, four, or five. Fig. 1 is a section through a flower from which the petals have been removed. PURPLE LOOSESTRIFES Natural Order LyTHRARIEZ. Genus Lythrum Lytarum (Greek, lythron, blood, gore, in reference to the colour of the flowers). A genus consisting of about a dozen species of herbs or small shrubs, with four-angled branches and entire leaves. Flowersredor purple, axillary, producing honey. Calyx-tube straight, cylindric, with eight or twelve teeth and ribs. Petals four or six. Stamens eight or twelve; ovary two-celled, with thread-like style. The species are distributed throughout the Tropical and Temperate regions of the earth. Sdlicipaiigecies. LyroruM GRra&FFERI (Greeffer’s). Stems trailing, 1 to 3 feet. Leaves narrow-oblong, lower ones opposite oF all alternate. Flowers bright pink, solitary in the axils of all the upp® leaves, on short footstalks; June to October. Native of South Europe. L. SaricartA (Willow-like). Rootstock creeping. Stems 2 to 5 feet, branched, four- or six-angled. Leaves lance-shaped, opposite or whorled. Flowers an inch across, red-purple, in spiked racemes ; J uly to September. On different individuals three different forms of flowers will be found, © the differences being in the length of the styles and stamens, and relating to their cross-fertilisation by insect agency. Native perennial. There are two varieties in cultivation: var. rosewm and var. superbum. tases Lythrums are easily grown in ordinary garden soil, but a damp position should be given if possible to L. Salacarvt, which grows chiefly along riversides. It is a charming plant for the edges of lakes or ponds. L. Greefferi, from its trailing habit, looks well in a hanging basket or a garden vase. Propagation is best achieved by means of seeds or division. POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM) Nat. size PL. 101 CUPHEAS 2II CUPHEAS Natural Order LYTHRARIEZ. Genus Cuphea CupHEA (Greek, kyphos, curved, from the shape of the flower). A genus comprising about a hundred greenhouse herbs, often viscid. Leaves oval or lance-shaped, entire, opposite, rarely whorled. Flowers axillary, scarlet, purple, or white, consisting of a long curved calyx-tube, which is brightly coloured, produced below in a short rounded spur, and above into six primary teeth with sometimes six smaller ones. The six petals, too, are small, and sometimes absent altogether. There should be twelve stamens, to agree in number with the other parts, but the twelfth one _ has been suppressed in development. Capsule two-celled, with long slender style. The species are natives of Tropical and Sub-tropical America. Cuphea viscosissima, the stickiest of Cupheas, was introduced from North America in 1776; C. procumbens from Mexico in 1816, C. Melvillei from Guiana in 1823, C. miniata from Mexico in 1843, C. ignea, also from Mexico, in 1845. Among the more recent introductions may be mentioned C. hookeriana (1877) and C. Zimapant (1878), both from Mexico. CUPHEA CYANEA (blue). Stems 2 feet high. Leaves heart-shaped, hairy. Flower: calyx-tube orange, petals two, small, purple; July. Branches and calyx bristly and sticky. Native of the Andes. C. HOOKERIANA (Hooker's). Stems 2 to 3 feet, shrubby. Leaves lance-shaped. Flowers vermilion and orange, in dense panicles; June an C. IGNEA (fiery). Stems 1 foot. Leaves smooth, lance-shaped. Flowers solitary, without petals; calyx-tube bright scarlet, with black and white expanded lips; June to August. Plate 102. Known in gardens as C. platycentra. C. LANCEOLATA (lance-shaped). Stems ascending, 18 inches, covered with sticky brown hairs. Leaves broad lance-shaped, blunt, hairy. Flowers bluish in a spike-like, somewhat one-sided raceme; July. Biennial. C. MINIATA (red). Stems 2 feet. Leaves oval, pointed, covered with _ white bristles. Flowers solitary, pale vermilion; June to September. C. ZIMAPANI (Zimapan’s). Stems 2 feet high. Leaves lance-shaped. Flowers very dark purple; August and September. - History. Principal Species. 212 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE Although Cupheas require greenhouse treatment they eon are very sanity ear All those mentioned above are evergreen perennials, except C. lanceolata, which is biennial. Seeds should be sown in pans in January or February and placed in gentle heat. As soon as the seedlings are large enough to handle they should be potted singly in good rich loamy soil, and shifted as growth renders necessary, until they have become nice bushy plants in six-inch pots. When the pots are well filled with roots give liquid manure. If preferred, they may be bedded out in the open air during their first summer, and taken into the greenhouse later. They may also be increased by means of cuttings, struck in March or April in bottom heat. Old plants cut down will produce a number of new shoots from the roots, and if these are taken off and grown in a cool place during the summer they will be kept small and occupy little space in the greenhouse for their first winter, yet make admirable blooming plants for the next season. Description of A couple of shoots of Cuphea ignea with flowers. pene Wise 1 ie ain: enlarged view of a flower; Fig. 2 a section of the same. WILLOW HERBS Natural Order ONAGRARIER. Genus Epilobium EPILoBiuM (Greek, epi, upon, and lobos, a lobe or pod; from the position of the flower upon the ovary, which, however, is characteristic of the entire Order). A genus comprising about fifty species of herbs of under-shrubs, with pink or purple (rarely yellow) flowers, which consist of a long and slender calyx-tube with four lobes, four petals, usually two-lobed, eight stamens, four long and four short, a four-celled ovey with thread-like style and clubbed or four-lobed stigma. The nee’ are distributed throughout the Arctic and Temperate regions of the world , ten species are natives of Britain. Principalspecies. _ EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUy (slender-leaved). Rose Bay, . or French Willow. Stem round, erect, 2 to 4 feet. Leaves alternate, narrow lance-shaped, stalked, 3 to 6 inches long. Flowers 1 inch across, dark rosy purple; July and August. Native. 3 E. Doponai (Dodeens’). Stems erect, branched at top, 12 inches high. Leaves very slender, faintly toothed. Flowers large, rosy purple ; July. Introduced from France (1700). E. HIRSUTUM (hairy). Codlins and. Cream. Stems round, 3 to 5 CUPHEA IGNEA Nat. size PL. 102 CLARKIAS 213 feet, covered with hairs and glandular down. Leaves opposite, lance- — shaped, 3 to 5 inches long, half-clasping the stem, and with incurved teeth. Flowers numerous, large, rosy purple; petals broad, notched ; July and August. Native Epilobiums are of such simple culture that their proper place is in the roomy border of a large garden, or in the wild garden. As a matter of fact, when once they have been introduced they take care of themselves, being not over nice in the matter of soil. £. angustifoliwm will require looking after, to prevent its monopoly of the whole garden, by means of its rooting runners. They may be increased by seeds or by root-division. The species readily cross ; several natural hybrids are known. Cultivation. CLARKIAS Natural Order ONAGRARIEZ. Genus Clarkia CLARKIA (named in honour of Captain Clark, who accompanied Captain Lewis in the famous Lewis and Clark’s expedition, which made the first exploration of the Pacific Coast of America, 1804). A genus consisting of but four species, of which two are well-known garden plants. They are annuals with slender branching stems, and alternate, narrow leaves. The flowers are solitary, axillary; the four petals clawed, the limb usually three-lobed, and the claw toothed. Stamens eight, of which four are short and sterile; stigma with four broad spreading lobes, Fruit a four-celled, four-valved cylindrical capsule. All the species are natives only of North-West America. CLARKIA ELEGANS (elegant). Stems 2 feet high. Leaves lance-shaped, toothed. Flowers crimson-lake, petals without teeth on the claw; June to August. Introduced from California (1832). This a favourite garden annual, and under cultivation it has produced a number of varieties, both single and double, some with white and pink flowers. C. PULCHELLA (pretty). Stems 1} to 2 feet high. Leaves very Principal Species, __ Slender, smooth. Flowers rosy purple, the petals deeply lobed, with a pair of opposite teeth on the claw; June to August. Plate 103. Native of Oregon, etc. (introduced 1826). This is the largest form, and like the preceding species it has produced several garden varieties. The var. integripetala has the petals without lobes, Il.—13 214 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE C. RHOMBOIDEA (rhomboid) is a less interesting form with smaller purple flowers, the petals of a rhomboid shape. The Clarkias are easily raised from seeds sown annually in the open border, either between March and May or in the autumn. They are not particular as to the character of the soil, but if this is rich the flowering will be profuse. They do not transplant well; they should therefore be sown thinly where they are to bloom, and be thinned out to a distance of ten or twelve inches. Autumn-sown plants begin to flower much earlier than those that were sown in spring. Description of Upper portion of Clarkia pulchella with buds, flowers, _ Flate103. and capsules. The additional figures are—Il, a flower enlarged ; 2, a stamen enlarged; 3, a cross section of the ovary showing its four-celled structure; 4, the seed, natural size and enlarged; 5, a seedling. Cultivation. EVENING PRIMROSES AND GODETIAS Natural Order ONAGRARIE. Genus Gnothera CENOTHERA (Greek, oinos, wine, and thera, hunting ; classical name given to some plants whose roots were eaten to provoke the appetite for drink). A genus with about a hundred species, with rare exception, herbs. The leaves are alternate. Flowers solitary, or in leafy spikes or racemes, borne in the axils; large, honey-yielding, white, yellow, red, or purple. Calyx-tube four-angled, four-lobed. Petals four, stamens eight, ovary four-celled, style threadlike, stigma round or four-lobed. With one exception all the known species are natives of America, and but for @ few Tropical species these are confined to the Temperate regions. The extra-American species is a native of Tasmania. Enothera biennis, the Common Evening Primrose, and the best known of all the species, was introduced from North America in the year 1629. It has taken so kindly to British soil that in many places it is thoroughly naturalised and grows wild, whilst it has become one of the commonest of plants in cottage-gardens. &. mollissima was the next arrival, from Argentina, in 1732, followed by . fruticosa, from the United States, five years later. @. parviflora and G. pumila both came from North America in 1757 ; the large-flowered . grandiflora was introduced from North America in 1778; and é. odorata from Patagonia in 1790. The latter, which is well known 1) gardens, has become naturalised on the coasts of Somerset and Cornwall. CLARKIA PULCHELLA Nat. size PL. 103 EVENING PRIMROSES AND GODETIAS 215 Many others have been introduced during the present century, among them the species formerly separated under the name of Godetia, and which are still known as such in gardens. Of these, @. Romanzovii was the first, from North America in 1817, followed by @. acaulis from Chili in 1821, @. amena from North-West America in 1826, E. vinosa from _ California in 1835, and @ Whitneyi from California in 1870. The principal reasons for formerly separating them were found in the fact that the Evening Primroses opened their flowers only after the sun had gone down, and were yellow or white in colour; whereas the Godetias were open all day, and were of various shades and combinations of rose and purple as well as white. These grounds of separation are now regarded as insufficient. The following species are perennial, except where otherwise stated. CENOTHERA ACAULIS (stemless). Dwarf, 6 inches high. Leaves all radical, forming a rosette, deeply cut in a pinnate manner. Flowers large, white, turning red as they fade; May to September. (Godetia acaulis.) : CE. AM@NA (pleasing). Stem semi-erect, branching, 1 to 2 feet. Leaves slender, lance-shaped. Flowers rosy, each petal with a crimson spot; May to September. Annual. Plate 105 (Godetia amena). The var. rubicunda has erect stems, 2 fect high, with lilac-purple flowers; it _ is one of the parents of the numerous garden Godetias. CE. BIENNIS (biennial). Zhe Evening Primrose. Stem _ erect, branched, 2 to 5 feet. Radical leaves broadly lance-shaped, stem-leaves more slender, faintly toothed and finely downy, especially the midrib. Flowers large, pale yellow, fragrant; June to October. Biennial. The var. grandiflora has much larger flowers than the type. CH. CALIFORNICA (Californian). Rootstock creeping, horizontal; stems 2 feet. Flowers large, fragrant, varying white to pale pink with yellow centre; July. CH. ExIMIA (choice). Stems 9 to 12 inches high. Leaves lance- shaped, downy, deeply but irregularly toothed. Flowers very large, white; July. Native of Rocky Mountains (introduced 1870). CE. GLAUCA (glaucous). Stem reclining, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves smooth, oval, slightly toothed. Flowers large, pale yellow; June to October. Introduced from North America (1812). The var. Fraseri Principal Species. _ has deeper yellow flowers and rich dark green foliage. It blooms profusely throughout the summer, and is one of the best garden varieties. __ GE. Linearis (very narrow). Stem slender, branched, 12 to 18 es. Leaves very slender, lance-shaped, remotely toothed. Flowers yellow, slightly fragrant; June to September. North America (1822). ag 216 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE CE. MISSOURIENSIS (native of Missouri). Stem prostrate, unbranched, 1 foot high. Leaves lance-shaped, margins and nerves downy. Flowers large, yellow; calyx spotted red; June to August. Introduced from United States (1811). The var. latifolia, with broader leaves, is the more desirable form ; it is represented on Plate 104 (B). CE. oporaTA (perfumed). Stems sub-shrubby at base, branched, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves lance-shaped, slightly toothed, and wavy. Flowers yellow, becoming red as they fade; April and May. Biennial. (E. PALLIDA (pale). Stems somewhat erect, branched, 18 inches high. Leaves smooth, narrow-lance-shaped. Flowers white with yellow centres turning red as they fade; June to September. United States (1826). CE. Romanzovit (Romanzow’s). Stems erect, 1 foot high. Leaves broad-lance-shaped. Flowers violet; June to September. (Godetia Romanzovii.) CE. speciosa (showy). Stem sub-shrubby, 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves broad-lance-shaped, deeply saw-toothed, almost pinnate, downy beneath. Flowers white, reddening as they fade; March to September. Plate 104 (A). CE. Warrneyi (Whitney’s). Stem 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves broad-lance-shaped. Flowers rosy, crimson-blotched, very large, very numerous; June to September. Annual. (Godetia grandiflora.) The var. concolor has white flowers; var. flammea, crimson flowers. Under cultivation the @odetia section has produced "several good hybrids and garden varieties which are among the best of hardy annuals, though not nearly so widely known and grown as they deserve. In purchasing seed of these they must be asked for as Godetias. Duchess of Albany has white flowers, 3 or 4 inches across ; the Duchess of Fife also has white flowers; Lady Albemarle, a spreading dwarf plant, with showy crimson flowers ; Satin Rose, similar to the last mentioned, but with brilliant rosy flowers ; Princess of Wales, somewhat taller, with ruby-crimson flowers; The Bride, free flowering, white and carmine. The cultivation of @notheras is a simple matter; they may be said to be everybody’s plants, for any person may grow them; they only require an introduction into the garden and they will sow and grow themselves. It is true they have some slight pre- ference in the matter of soils, and this is in the direction of those of a sandy nature. The dwarf Godetvas are very suitable for the herbaceous border, and they may be backed by some of the taller-growing species, such as &. biennis or @. speciosa. The tall, coarse-growing sorts are quite at home in the wild garden ; those that are small and of creeping _ Garden Godetias Cultivation. EVENING PRIMROSES (4) GENOTHERA SPECIOSA (B) CENOTHERA MISSOURIENSIS 1/, Nat. size PL. 104 FUCHSIAS 217 habit are suitable for the rock-garden. The annuals must, of course, be raised from seed sown out of doors in spring. The biennials are best sown as soon as the seed is ripe. Ifsown in March they will often flower in the following autumn, but this is not so desirable. Summer- or autumn-sown plants produce only a rosette of radical leaves their first season, and lay up much material in their thick tuberous root upon which they can draw next year for a profuse display of flowers. The perennials may be propagated by root-division as well as by seeds, and a third course is open in the taking of cuttings in spring and striking them in a cold frame. Some of the more compact, dwarf kinds, as well as the Godetias, make capital pot-plants for the cool greenhouse or conservatory. Description of Plate 104 contains figures of two species. That Flates10¢and105.marked AA, is @nothera speciosa, whilst B represents @. missowriensis, var. latifolia. Plate 105 shows one of the most favourite forms of @. amena, the garden var. known as Lady Albemarle. Fig. 1 is a section through the flower and ovary; 2, the seed, natural size and greatly enlarged; 3, a seedling. . FUCHSIAS Natural Order ONAGRARIEH. Genus Fuchsia FUCHSIA (name commemorative of Leonhard Fuchs, a sixteenth-century German botanist). A genus consisting of about fifty species of shrubs or small trees. Leaves oval or lance-shaped, usually opposite, occasionally in whorls of three. Calyx fleshy, coloured, tube produced above the ovary, limb split into four lobes. Petals four, often of different colour from the calyx. Stamens eight, on long slender filaments. Style twice the length of stamens, with head-like stigma. Ovary crowned with eight honey-secreting glands. Fruita pulpy berry. With very few exceptions the species are natives of Central and Southern America; those that are not American come from New Zealand. The first discovery of the Fuchsia was made by Father Plumier, who consecrated it to the memory of Fuchs, and published the name in 1703, calling his new species Fuchsia triphylla. The history of the introduction and popularisation of this genus has been often told. The story goes that about the year 1788 a sailor who had returned from South America brought with him a growing slip, which he presented to his wife or his mother. This was put in the window and carefully tended in honour of the absent one. In due time 1.—14 History. 218 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE it flowered, and there passed by the house a Mr. James Lee, who was a member of a firm of nurserymen still existing at Hammersmith. Struck by the newness of form and habit, he knocked at the door and offered to purchase the unknown plant, but was at first refused. By perseverance and the gradual increase of the amount offered until it reached a figure that was irresistible to the poor woman, he succeeded at last in carrying off the prize; then “kept it dark,” and struck cuttings as rapidly as possible, until he had a large stock when next year he put it upon the market, and realised—it is said—a profit of £300 upon his investment. This was probably Fuchsia coccinea, now known as a form of F. macrostema. Eight or ten years later another species—I. lycioides— was introduced ; and these remained the only representatives of the genus in our gardens until 1823, when another variety of F. macrostema, known as gracilis, was introduced. In the next few years several others were discovered, including F. venusta, F. thymifolia, and F. arborescens, all American species. The beautiful F. fulgens came from Mexico in 1830. The pretty, creeping F. procumbens, grown so much for the sake of its large crimson berries, is one of the New Zealand species (introduced 1874). F. penduliflora from tropical America is another recent (1879) introduction. These are the principal natural species, but from the early part of the present century Fuchsias have been so widely cultivated, have sported and been crossed to such an extent, that it is not always an easy matter to refer garden specimens to their proper types. In addition some distinctly new forms, such as F. corallina and F. dominiana, have been evolved by horticultural skill. princtpetipetion: FUCHSIA CORALLINA (coral-red). Stems woody, 20 feet high in suitable places; young stems red. Leaves with reddish upper sides, dark crimson beneath; in whorls of four or five. Flowers pendulous; calyx crimson, corolla dark plum-colour ; May to October. Grows luxuriantly in South-West England. Of garden origin. F. CORYMBIFLORA (bunch-flowered). Stem branched, 4 to 6 feet. Leaves broad-lance-shaped, with red midrib; opposite. Flowers scarlet in terminal clusters; June to September. Native of Peru (1840). F. FULGENS (shining). Stem 4 to 6 feet. Leaves heart-shaped-oval, toothed, shining; opposite. Flowers scarlet, large; calyx tapering; petals very short; in drooping terminal racemes; June to September. Plate 107. F. MAcRosTEMA (large-stamened). Stems branched, 6 to 12 feet. Leaves oval, toothed, three in a whorl. Calyx scarlet, petals purple ; July to October. There are several good varieties of this: var globosa has the unopened flowers of a somewhat globular form ; sepals f° 2 od mee et “2 2 i cae <= 6! — 2 uw os ae 5 rf FUCHSIAS 219 purplish red. The very hardy and well-known F. riccartoni is descended from a seedling of this variety. The var. gracilis has very slender flowers, a character specially noticeable in the unopened bud. Both these forms are represented on Plate 106. F. coccinea is also a variety with dark crimson flowers. All the forms of F. macrostema are hardy in the warmer parts of England. F’. PENDULIFLORA (hanging-flowered). Leaves large (3 to 4 inches long), oval, smooth. Flowers trumpet-shaped, rich crimson, shaded with maroon, 3 or 4 inches long; March. Native of tropical America (1879). F. PROCUMBENS (trailing). Stems trailing. Leaves round, small. Flowers small, erect, calyx-tube yellow, corolla blue; May to October Berries large, crimson, remaining attached during the winter; very ornamental. : F. SPLENDENS (splendid). Stem 6 feet. Leaves heart-shaped. Flowers orange-scarlet, tips of sepals green ; May and June. Greenhouse. Native of Mexico (1841) I, TRIPHYLLA (three-leaved). Stems 1 to 2 feet. Leaves small, purplish beneath, bronze-green above. Flowers similar to those of F fulgens, petals shorter than sepals; brilliant orange-scarlet, in terminal racemes. Native of West Indies. These are exceedingly numerous, and a list of only the best would fill many pages. As in similar cases, we can but give a brief selection from among the best to serve as a suggestion; but it must be remembered that many new varieties are put upon the market every season, and all such lists should be supplemented by the catalogue of a good trade grower. For our purpose it will be well to classify them first under the respective heads of Single- and Double- _ flowered, and then under the colour of calyx and corolla. Garden Varieties, SINGLE-FLOWERED SECTION. : | STRIPED SECTIO Corolla coloured as stated. Mrs. F. “Glass, deep pink, tinted violet Mizpah, urplish crimson, Rose of | Castile, purple. CALYX. Corolla coloured as stated. cr geen dark purple. mie, dark purple. Char ming, dark purple. Delight, — white. Enoch Arden, indigo chang- plum- Fuchsias, plish. Salopia, pale purple. Swanley Gem, rose colour. ON. | Beauty, paces rosy, corolla Pp coloured. land’s "New Striped, calyx corolla purple King ut the Stripes, violet- blue s red. Lord Wolbers, calyx orolla deep crimson and calyx carmine and white. 220 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE ~ SELF-COLOURED SECTION. Beaconsfield, orange-red. Monarch, bright red. Admiral Gervais, bright | Dr. Sankey, rub Sedan, crimson-red. mine. Fireworks, dark ruby. Snowcloud, white. DOUBLE-FLOWERED SECTION. Auguste Hardy, scarlet cal.,| Comte Leon Lolstoi, red | Mignonne, red calyx, pure ] rosy-violet corolla. calyx, blue-black corolla. white corolla. Alphonse Daudet, scarlet| De M. ontalivet, rosy calyx, | Pink Perfection, creamy calyx, deep violet corolla. light blue corolla. calyx, violet corolla. Berliner Kind, red calyx, Eugene Verconsin, rosy | Rose enomenal, very white corolla white and slaty blue. large, rose coloured. Boreatton, crimson calyx, | Marvellous, calyx red,| White Phenomenal, white deep purple corolla. corolla blue. corolla. Fuchsias of all kinds are most readily propagated by cuttings, which root with freedom at nearly all times. For this purpose cutoff portions of the growing shoots that give no sign of flower buds. These should be put in pans of light soil and moist warm frames. When the young plants are rooted transfer them to beds of light, but very rich soil, in which they will come on rapidly if treated to abundant moisture; or pot them singly, with the same treatment as regards soil and moisture. When the pots are well filled with roots, liquid manure may be given freely ; and abundance of water should never be withheld. For the obtaining of new varieties hybridisation must be carefully attended to, the flowers marked, and the ripening of the berries watched. The seeds are embedded in pulp, which must be washed away, and the seeds sown at once. To obtain a suitable soil that is at once rich and light, dried cow-dung should be mixed with double the quantity of loam, neither being fine] y powdered. With such a compost the best results will be obtained, but all the same Fuchsias will do well in almost any garden soil. Except in the extreme south and west of our islands, Fuchsias out of doors must be cut down on the approach of hard weather, and the stump covered with a little heap of dry coal-ashes to keep off the frost. Pot-plants should be wintered dry and in a cool place. Description of Plate 106 illustrates two of the forms of Fuchsia Plates106and107. moorostema — A, the var. globosa, and B, the var. gracilis. Figs. 1 and 2 are sections through these forms respectively. Plate 107 shows a couple of flowering shoots of F. dea ecadgiaa one the flowers grow singly from the leaf-axils; in the other they ants terminal cluster. F: ig. 1 is a section of the flower, from which it will be seen clearly how cross-fertilisation is favoured. Long-tongued sas = lepidoptera seeking to obtain the honey secreted at the narrow en the long tube use the clapper-like style as an alighting stage, an crawl partly up it. The pollen from the anthers may fall upon the style, but not upon the stigmatic surface which is beneath. The bee crawling Cultivation. (A) FUCHSIA GLOBOSA (B) FUCHSIA GRACILIS Nat. size PL. 106 GAURAS - 221 up takes away some of the pollen on the under-side of its body, and on visiting another flower this portion of its body will be drawn over the - stigma, and so the plant will be fertilised. GAURAS Natural Order ONAGRARIEH. Genus Gaura Gaura (from the Greek gawros, proud or superb). A genus of about twenty annual or perennial herbs or shrubs with simple, alternate leaves varying in outline. The flowers agree in general with @nothera, but the calyx-tube is three- or four-angled, the petals more slender, white or rosy, turning red when fading; the fruit a hard woody nut with three or four prominent angles, and usually four-celled. As a rule the petals have a tendency to take the same upward direction; and the flower-cluster is a long terminal spike-like raceme. The species are natives of the warmer portions of North America. Only one of the Gauras may be said to be a cultivated plant, and that we fear is but slightly known, and seldom seen. This is the species figured in Plate 108. GAURA BIENNIS (biennial). Stems 4 to 6 feet high. Leaves oblong- lance-shaped, slightly toothed. Flowers irregular; sepals purple tipped ; petals white, then reddish, irregularly arranged; August to October. Introduced from North America (1762). G. LINDHEIMERI (Lindheimer’s). Stems slender, branching, 4 feet igh. Leaves narrow-lance-shaped. Flowers white, or purple tinged ; June to September. Perennial. Native of Texas (1850). : Gauras are propagated by means of seed sown early in spring, out of doors, and in a light soil. The seedlings should be pricked into their flowering quarters as soon as they are large enough to handle. During hard weather in winter they will need some protection in the shape of a movable frame, or dry fern and bushes ; or they may be taken up in autumn, potted and kept in a cool house until April or May. Gauras may be usefully employed in beds or Principal Species. Cultivation. ie _ baskets where lightness of effect is wanted to relieve heavier subjects. _ Description of Gaura Lindheimeri is represented by the terminal | Plate108. = portion of two flowering shoots, natural size. The ad- ditional figures are—1, a separate flower; 2, a section of the Same. IlL—15 222 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE CHILI NETTLES Natural Order Loaszea. Genus Loasa Loasa (authorities differ as to the significance of the ea: eee: pee: variously stated to be derived from the name of a Spanis ae ) i: the South American native name, and to be of unknown ee a genus includes about fifty species of climbing or pee - harecll with stinging hairs. The leaves may be simple or eee i kc opposite or alternate. The flowers are somewhat singu eh 1 witha The calyx is five-parted ; the petals five, hooded, alterna Fi. fe large scales which have three filaments at the back and be pe Processes within. Stamens numerous, in bundles opposite 5 a ing The ovary is one-celled, ending in a three-lobed stigma, and pie a into a large capsule opening by valves. The species are res tropical America. ‘ ade. ollow and conveying some irritating fluid to the wounds they ao ae For this reason they are not altogether desirable species for the 48 some tender-skinne and appear in May. Iti generally grown as an annual. Half-hardy. talked PENTLANDI (Pentland’s). Stems 4 feet high. Leaves s weil opposite, sub-erect. Flowers 2 inches across; petals orange tipped V 7 white, spreading ; May and June. Annual. omee L. PRostRATA (prostrate), Stem trailing, flexuous. Leaves 80 is FUCHSIA FULGENS Nat. size PL. 107 MENTZELIAS 223 what heart-shaped, angled, opposite, without stalks. Flowers solitary, yellow ; June to August. ual. L. VULCANICA (volcanic). Stems erect, 3 feet high. Leaves with three to five cut lobes, arranged palmately. Flowers about 14 inch across; petals white; scales red striped with white and yellow ; June to August. Annual. All the cultivated species whether annual or perennial are generally treated as annuals, for summer bedding. The seeds are sown, in March, in pans of light sandy soil, and these placed in gentle heat; or out of doors in a sunny border in May. When sufficiently grown the seedlings should be planted out at distances regulated by the erect or climbing habit of the species. They do best in light soils with a sunny position; otherwise requiring no special treatment. Where it is desired to grow the perennials as perennials, they must be lifted early in October and wintered in a cool greenhouse. In handling the plants, care should be taken to avoid being stung by the hairs, which are similar in their action and effects to those of our native Stinging Nettles. Description of The upper portion of the stem of Loasa lateritia with Plate 109. eaves, unopened bud, expanded flower, flower from which the petals have fallen, and the twisted capsule. Fig. 1 is a section through the flower; 2, the seed, natural size and enlarged ; 3, a seedling. Cultivation. MENTZELIAS Natural Order LoasEx. Genus Mentzelia MENTZELIA (named in honour of Christian Mentzel, a botanist of Brandenburg, 1622-1701). A genus of herbaceous plants, with coarsely toothed, alternate or nearly opposite leaves, and orange or white flowers, which in most species expand only under direct influence of the sunshine, though several on the contrary wait until evening before opening. They differ from Loasa chiefly in the absence of the large scales from between the petals, the flatness of the latter, the more numerous stamens, and in the seed-vessel being untwisted. The plants, though not free from hairs, do not sting. The species are all American. The most familiar species of Mentzelia are better known under the name of Bartonia, in which genus certain of them were formerly comprised. The plant figuring in seedsmen’s catalogues as Bartonia aurea is more correctly named Mentzelia Lindley. The first species to be introduced was M. aspera from the United States History. 224 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE in 1733. M. nuda and M. ornata followed from Missouri nearly eighty years later, and the next year (1812) saw the introduction of I. oligosperma from Louisiana. M. hispida came from Mexico (1820), M. albescens from Chili (1831), M. Lindleyi from California (1834), and M. bartonioides from the Western States in 1849. WU. albicauls, a white-stemmed, low, branching plant, produces oily seeds which are’ pounded by the American Indians and used in the production of a kind of cake for food. — MENTZELIA ALBESCENS (becoming white). em a shining, 1 to 4 feet high. Leaves with wavy teeth Flowers in a leafy panicle; petals ten, pale yellow; July. Biennial. M. BARTONIOIDES (Bartonia-like). Stems succulent, 1 foot high. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, lobed and toothed. Flowers solitary; petals five, sulphury yellow, paler beneath ; June to August. Half-hardy annual, M. Lixpiey1 (Lindley’s). Stems 2 to 3 feet high; branches phe Leaves deeply cut into narrow lobes in a pinnate manner. Flowers en five golden-yellow petals, red at the base; June to August. Ann A splendid plant for borders. : M. oRNATA (adorned). Stems 2 feet high. Leaves with large, jagged teeth, bristly. Flowers large, white, petals ten, closed all day, opening only in the evening, when it becomes fragrant ; July to Septem: Catinveied Ordinary garden soil will be found age eeable oo Species of Mentzelia, but where a choice is possible 1e i be light and the position sunny. They are propagated by seed, ee should be sown in April in gentle heat; or in a sunny border ou May. When sufficiently grown the April-sown plants should be pot d singly in small pots and brought on in a cool greenhouse, hardened, a then planted in bed or border. Those sown out of doors had better t. left where sown, but of course they will need to be carefully thinned ee M. Lindleyi is quite hardy, and may be grown out of doors in the of 2 way as Mignonette or Virginian Stock. From the large size se ee : abundance of its golden flowers, it is one of the brightest and page : hardy annuals. It is also a useful plant for cultivation in pots for decoration of the conservatory, requiring a light rich soil and frame treatment until it flowers, » thle Description of The upper portion of a stem of MM entzeliaLindley? ee Be miate2i® flowers and unopened buds. The separate figures gee es section through flower; 2, seed, natural size and enlarged; * © seedling. . Nat. size GAURA LINDHEIMERI PASSION-FLOWERS 225 PASSION-FLOWERS Natural Order PasstFLOREX. Genus Passiflora PAssIFLORA (Latin, passio, passion, and floris, a flower). A large genus —one hundred and twenty species—of herbs and shrubs, chiefly climbers, with alternate, lobed, or entire leaves, and undivided tendrils. Flowers - produced in the axils, solitary or in racemes. The calyx-tube is short and urn-shaped with four or five lobes, often coloured on the inner face. The petals agree in number with the calyx-lobes, and alternate with these in the expanded flower, but are more deeply coloured. Inside these, and springing from a ring surrounding the base of the column, is a whorl of filaments, forming what is known as the corona. These are quite distinct from the stamens, and are really appendages to the petals. There are four or five stamens whose anthers are connected with the filaments by their middle. The ovary and stamens are supported by a stout column termed the gynophore, and from the summit of the ovary three styles with dilated stigmas radiate. The genus is chiefly American. Passijlora incarnata, the May Apple, from the Southern United States, appears to have been the species first introduced to English gardens, or more correctly to English green- houses, for it is a tender plant. P. lawrifolia, from the West Indies, and P. suberosa, var. minima, from Curacoa, followed in 1690. P. cerulea, the well-known and fairly hardy species, arrived in 1699 from Brazil. From this period new species were frequently being introduced, though many of these had no special horticultural interest; but in 1768 P. quadrangularis, the Granadilla, was brought from Nicaragua; in 1815 P. racemosa, the parent of several good hybrids, came from Brazil ; _and five years later the showy P. coccinea was introduced from the same country, whence also came P. alba (1830) and P. raddiana (1831). P. amabilis, another red species, from South America, appeared here in 1848. P. Innesii, a fine hybrid, was produced in 1870 by crossing P. alata and P. macrocarpa. Several species produce edible fruit, viz. -P. alata, P. edulis, P. lawrifolia, P. macrocarpa, P. maliformis (Sweet Calabash), and P. quadrangularis. These all mature their fruits History. _ annually in the houses at Kew. We must not close this notice without reference to the popular name of these plants, which is reflected in the Latin _ name of the genus. The early missionaries to South America saw in the various floral organs convenient symbols of the Passion of the Saviour. The stigmas were the three nails used in the Crucifixion, the stamens were 11.— 16 226 FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE the hammers wherewith the last were driven in; or, as others put it, the anthers are the five wounds, the “corona” is cither the crown of thorns or the rays of glory. The ten floral leaves (sepals and petals) are the apostles, Peter and Judas being absent. The tendrils are scourges, and the palmate leaves are the hands of the persecutors. PASSIFLORA ALATA (winged). Stems four-angled, winged. Leaves oval-heart-shaped, smooth. Flowers large, fragrant; upper side of sepals and petals deep crimson; rays variegated, white, crimson, and purple; April to August. P. AMABILIS (lovely). Stems slender, rounded. Leaves thin, entire, oval. Flowers red, with white rays; May. P. CHRULEA (azure-blue). Leaves with five oblong, entire lobes. Flowers greenish white, faintly scented; the rays in a double series, purple, white, and blue ; blue being the most conspicuous colour in the flower ; June to October. Greenhouse. Fruit egg-shaped, yellow. The var. Constance Elliott has white flowers. P. CINNABARINA (cinnabar-red). Leaves with three or five ovate, entire lobes; the base of leaf heart-shaped. Flowers scarlet; March. Native of Australia. Greenhouse. P. coccINEA (scarlet). Leaves oval, smooth, coarsely toothed. Flowers scarlet, with orange rays; June to October. P. - EDULIS (edible). Leaves three-lobed, toothed, smooth. Flowers purplish white, fragrant; J uly and August. Fruit abundantly produced, purplish, with Juicy pulp the colour and flavour of an orange. P. INCARNATA (flesh-coloured). May Apple. Stems annual, herbaceot® Leaves with three lance-shaped, toothed lobes. Flowers fragrant pinkish white, with double series of purple rays; July and Augist Fruit orange-coloured with yellow pulp. Greenhouse. P. QUADRANGULARIS (square-stemmed). Granadilla. Branches winged Leaves heart-shaped, smooth. Flowers large, a petals red; rays in five series, white and violet; outer set —. bs 4 Petals 7 August and September. Fruit greenish y ellow, ng, © inches in diameter ; pulp purple. Stove. ' Flow. so (racemed)., Leaves three-lobed, somewhat pga . See P red, in long pendulous racemes; March to Principal Species, fc (Raddi’s), Leaves three-lobed, purplish = | ee = ati. ‘ple; ften P. Kermesina, § ~ rays purple; August to October. Otte a aera (Watson’s). Habit and leaves as in P. paddiant Ts lavender and blue, very fragrant; summer. Stove. fe a Oy a og 5 sae tee Ss Seek Rae ee LOASA LATERITIA Nat. size PL. 109 PASSION-FLOWERS 227 GARDEN VARIETIES AND Hyeprips. Alato-cerulea. Flowers white; rays black, blue, and white. ybrid be- re Flowers white; r. ark Hybrid between alata and P. raddiana. Flowers rosy flesh; rays blue, barred purple. Hybrid between P. ceruleo-racemosa and P. quadrangu- laris. Bijou. Probably a hybrid between P. racemosa and P. raddiana. Probably a hybrid between P. alata and P. quadrangularis. Caruleo-Kermesina. Probably a hybrid etween P. cerulea and P. rad- macrocarpa | Lawsoniana. Colvillei. Whitish flowers. Hybrid be- ween P. caerulea and .