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COMPRISING

€UVIER’S FOUR GRAND DIVISIONS

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ANINALS :

ALSO, SHAW’S IMPROVED LINNEAN GENERA,

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THRE

CLASSES AND ORDERS

OF

CUVIER AND LATREILLE. —_<e—

‘SMORT DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME OF THE MOSF COMMON SPECIES ARE GIVEN FOR STUDENT’S EXERCISES.

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FREPARED FOR RENSSELAER SCHOOL AND THE POPULAR CLASS-ROGY,

BY AMOS EATON.

ALBANY :

PRINTED BY WEBSTERS AND SKINNERS, ——_P=——

1826.

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PREFACE. Se

Four years ago I published the grand divis- ions, the classes and orders of Cuvier’s Le Regne animal distribue d’ apres son organization. No- tice was given at the time, that it was my inten- tion to publish a translation of Cuvier’s genera. But soon afterwards I was assured that two or three of our best Zoologists contemplated the ex- ecution of an elementary system of Zoology. My pepils have now waited for the promised work about two years, since my edition of the classifica- tion of Cuvier has been exhausted. I was at last driven to this undertaking; which I entered: upon with extreme reluctance. Not on account of love of ease, or that modest diffidence usually complained of by authors. But because it may

_ retard the publication of the promised system of American Zoolezy, which, itis confidently hoped,

- some competent naturalist will ere long complete.

- In answer to this objection it has been observ- ed by my friends, that such a small book, present- ing a familiar outline of the science, might serve

"as a pioneer for a full system 5; as my Manual of

. - Botany did for the enlarged works of Elliott and Torrey. More than four thousand copies of the Manual, in the hands of botanists, awakened a

iv PREFACE.

|

zeal for the science, which rendered enlarged sys- tems desirable and even necessary. So it is con- jectured, that a small treatise on Zoology may in- spire a degree of zeal, sufficient to encourage the publication of an enlarged work. ft will appear by the title page, that 1 have adopted Dr. Shaw’s genera, instead of Cuvier’s : though I have distributed the genera of Shaw ac- cording to Cuvier’s system of classification. After comparing Cuvier’s system of genera with that of “Shaw, I find no other essential difference, than what arises from the numerous subdivisions of the Linnean genera made by Cuvier. The student will consequently learn nothing in using Shaw’s genera, which he must unlearn if he should hereafter study animais according to Cuvier’s subdivisions. Besides, it is far from being a set- iled point among naturalists, that the modern sub: divisions of genera in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, are preferable to subdivisions into sec- tions of species according to the method of Lin- neas, which is followed by Shaw. ‘To these re- marks I mustadd, that Cuvier’s long descriptions, which are essential upon his anatomical plan, could not be given ina small school-book. And even if given, they could not de understood in many cases, without a competent knowledge of anatomy. The species of some of the Linnean genera, are subdivided by Cuvier’s divisions of

PREFACE. Vv

orders. "These cases are few; and as faras I have applied his orders, I can discover no materi- al inconvenience on this account.

Cuvier’s classification is certainly a great im- provement upon that of Linneus, in most cases. But I have not followed him in the orders of Pis- ces and of Molluscous animals. His method would undoubtedly be preferable, if we could make it convenient to dissect every animal in these classes, which comes under examination. In the study of molluscous animals, we are chiefly con- fined to the empty shells; it being impossible for most students to obtain the animals inhabiting the Shells. And one important use of the study of Zoology is to prepare the student for geological investigations. In this department we never find the remains, or ¢xterior castings, of the soft parts of animals.

Few students will have leisure te pursue the study of Zoology for a great length of time. Therefore they will generally require a text-book, which will lead them by the shortest course to a general outline of the science. And this outline should be pursued by a method, which is adapted to the means of farther progress, which may be within their reach. The only English work, te be found in our towns and villages, te which we can conveniently resort for specific descriptions, is

*4

e

Vi PREFACE.

Rees’ Cyclopedia. In this extensive work the genera of Cuvier are not adopted. But students will find the zoological genera of that work per- fectly in accordance with this text-book, After the genus is found here, they may refer to the same genus in Rees by its alphabetical arrangement ; where they will find the descriptions of all the

species published in that work.

att * Zoological articles are very meagre in Rees, before the com- meneement of the letter, C. The naturalist, Donovon, conducted most of that article from C, onwards, in a yery acceptable manne.r

AOOCLOGY.

Zooroey is the science which treats of materi- al organized beings, which are endowed with the sentient principle.*

Tt is generally true, that animals differ from vegetables in possessing locomotive, as well as sentient, powers. ‘This is a good distinction be- tween the ov and the ocak. [But is very deficient when applied to the ists and the sensitive plants.

Animals receive their food into an internal cav- ity or cavities, which is so modified as to furnish the fluids which supply the wants of the system. And probably no substance is received as the food of animals, which has not previously been in an or- ganized s'ate. Whereas vegetables receive inor- ganic maiter for food, as well as that which has been organized ; and their food is chiefly received through tubular radicles, or pores of leaves, which have the power to direct their courses or pores to- wards water, air, light and heat.

All animals have the sense of feeling. But they have no particular organ for that sensation 5 it depending on papille at the ends of nerves which terminate in every part of the skin. Al} vertebral animals have four organs ofsense. Each ergan is adapted to its particular effice. One fer

*“ Sentient principle” is not well defined, and no definition of an an- imal has come to my knowledge _ which is ‘satisfactory. “Organized being”’ is still wanting in a settled accurate meaning. The student is referred to large treatises on subjects of natural history, for ingenious attempts at definitions and nice distinctions.

§ SYSTEMATI€ ZOOLOGY.

communicating the sensation of sight, one for sound, one for taste, and one for smell. Some of the other divisions of animals have more or less of these organs in greater or less perfection.

All animals seem to require a system of organs for digesting food, for circulating fluids through the body, and for oxydating those fluids. In ver- tebral animals these organs consist of stomachs, to which an alimentary canal is attached ; a heart which is alternately compressed and expanded, to which a set of arteries and veins are attached— the former for conveying the fluids from the heart, and the latter for returning them to the heart; lungs or gills in which the same fluids are presented to the oxygen of the atmosphere. Some animals have their fluids oxydated by means of spiracles, some by means of exterior membranous organs,

SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY.

Animals are distributed into groups, for the convenience of ascertaining their names and of studying their affinities. bese groupes or as- gemblages are called Classes, Orders, Genera, Species and Varicties. |

Liyneus distributed all animals into six classes, 4, Mammalia, viviparous and suckling the young, 2. Aves, oviparous, having two wings and two feet. 8. Amphibia, lungs adapted to long sus- pended respiration. 4. Pisces, fins and gills sub- stituted for lungs. 5. Insecta, antenne in most cases, members articulated to an external crust. 6. Vermes, body soft, members not articulated, or wanting.

Cuvier subdivided several of these classes.— Mammalia, ives, Amphibia and Pisces remain as

GRAND DIVISIONS. g.

Linneus left them, or nearly so. Insecta is di- vided into three classes, to which is pretixed a class taken from Vermes. ‘They are Annelida, Crustacea, Arachnida, and Insecta. ‘The re- mainder of the class Vermes is divided into Mol- fusca, Echinoderma, Intestina, Acalepha, Polypi and Infusoria. ‘The subdivisions are adopted in this text-book.

GRAND DIVISIONS.

Tur suBJECTS OF ZOOLOGY ARE DISTRIBUTED INTO FOUR GRAND DIVISIONS 3 BECAUSE ANIMALS APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN ORGANIZED UPON FOUB GENERAL PLANS,

[. RADIATED ANIMALS or ZOOPHYTES.

In this division the sentient principle is lodged. in, or, in some unknown manner, attached to, @ medullary globule, spheroid or ring, with radiat- ing branches.

Animals of this class are but little more com- plicated in their structure than plants. No dis- tinct system of nerves nor any ergans of sense, have been discovered. Feint vestiges of circula- tion are with difficulty perceived. Their respi- ratory organs are mostly on the surface of the body. Some receive their food through a mouth, others through pores.

Some animals of this division may be cut across, and both parts will live. ‘This is explained by supposing the animal to consist of a celumn or pile of distinct animals, and that the transverse cut- ting produces a mere separation of a column of individuals into several shorter columns,

a

40 GRAND DIVISIONS.

The process of reproduction among this di- vision of animals resembles that of plants with perfect flowers, Some of them may be propaga- ted by cuttings like plants. In this, and in some other | particulars, they seem to partake of the na- ture of plants and animals ; and are therefore cal- Jed zoophytes, or animal-plants. ‘They are the most simple in their organization, and seem to have been some of the earliest inhabitants of the earth ; as some of the species are found in the oldest rocks, which contain any petrifactions.

Example. Sea-hedghog, starfish, sea-nettle, cerals, corallines, animalcule, tape-worm,

II. MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS.

In this division the sentient principle is lodged ina number of medullary masses, dispersed in different parts of a soft body. And though the medullary masses are not always united by nervous jilaments, the organs of sense and motion are ar- ranged more or less on tieo sides of a nervous axts or longitudinal series of medullary masses.

The principal medullary mass is situated upon the throat. ‘ihe circulatory system is considera- bly complicated ; much more so than that of the articulated division. The bleod is dark colour- ed or blue.. Fibrin appears more abundant than in vertebral animals. ‘heir muscles are attach- ed to many parts of the skin, forming a tissue more or less complicated and compact. By va- rious contractions and clongations they move, swim, and perform other, motions. They have considerable irratibility ; ‘the naked skin is very

be

GRAND DIVISIONS. 44

sensible and furnished with a liquid hamor which issues from its pores.

Molluscous animals are generally covered with plates of carbonate of lime, which serve as beds er retreats from danger. ‘These plates, usually ealled shells, are produced by secretion from the skin. The process of reproduction greatly re- sembles that of plants with perfect flowers ; rare- ly that of dicecious flowers.

Animals of this division, though more compli: cated in their digestive and circulatory system than animals of the articulated division,* seem to have been cotemporaries with the oldest of the radiated division. For we find the remains of several species of this division in the oldest transition rocks, which rarely if ever, contain any relics of the articulated or vertebral divisions.

Examples. Nautilus, snails, oysters, barni- cles.

Hit. ARTICULATED ANIMALS.

In this division the sentient principle is lodged an two lons cords, swelling at tervals into knots or ganglyous, extending through a jointed body in the longitudinal direction. The organs of sense and motion are all double,and arranged on two sides of the nervous axis. |

The principal ganglyon is placed near the throat. They have jointed trunks or abdomens ; and all but one class, have jointed limbs articula-

* Cuvier places this division between the vertebral and articulated, en account of the greater perfection of the residence of the sentient principle. For if the bee is more active than the oyster, so the cat and pigeon are more active than man. But we have changed the or- der to accommodate it to the study of petrifactions and shells ; for very

few have the means for studying the anatomical structure of mellus ceous animals,

42 GRAND DIVISIONS.

ted to an external crust or to a rigid covering. ‘They draw in their food threugh suckers or tubes serving as mouths, in most cases. Air vessels, through which respiration is performed, open on the sides of their bodies or limbs.

They have two eyes, which may be of two kinds. The simple kind appears like a small Jens. The compound kind has its surface divi- ded into an infinite number of lenses ; each an- swering to a fibre of the optic nerves. Excepting the classes of jointed worms and of spiders, all ar- ticulated animals have antenne ; being jointed, fi- liform, flexible horns. With these they seem to effect many purposes; such as examining bodies within their reach, determining the state of the at- mosphere, and to derive sensations of which we have no knowledge.

They have the sense of smell and of hearing $ but itis not known in what organs these senses are placed. Some have jaws of a curious char- acter. Often a pair of strong pincers for grasp- ang and breaking up their food, and for defence. These are called mandibles. Two pairs within these are called levers and lips. To the levers or jaws are attached jointed filaments, called pal-_ pior feelers, which are supposed to serve the ani- mal for examining its food. The tongue com- monly adheres to the lower lever. In some the fore feet serve in place of some of these appenda- ges ; in others the jaws are increased in number. Some have a proboscis or tube through which food is imbibed.

They are mostly produced from eggs. Some become perfect immediately from the egg ; but more are changed from the egg to the larva, (cal- Jed caterpillar, worm, maggot or skipper) from

GRAND DIVISIONS. 13

larva to crysalis, from crysalis to the perfect in- sect. They are generally the most voracious while in the larva state. Some live long in the larva state, and but a short time in the state of the perfect insect. As the cicadia septendecim (American locust,) remains in the larva state sev- enteen years, and in the state of perfect insect but about a week, and eats nothing during that period. Others are in the larva state but a short time in proportion to their duration in the insect state ; as musca domestica, the common house-fly. which continues a long time and eats continually.

Animals of this division were probably created before the vertebral. For it is said that the cast- off crusts of the crysalis of some species are found in older rocks than the bones of vertebral animals. [ have never found any such relics. Perhaps fish are found in formations about as old as any of this division.

Examples. Angle-worm, leach, lobster, spi- der, beetle, cricket, bee, butterfly, gnat.

IV. VERTEBRAL ANIMALS.

dn this division the sentient principle is lodged ina medullary substance, the basis of which is in- closed in a bony tube, composed of a column of ver- tebre. :

To the nervous axis enclosed in a bony tube, which is called the medulla spinalis, there is an appendage at one extremity, denominated the brain. ‘This is inclosed in a bony case, called the cranium. But animals of this division have an- other system of nerves, more analagous to the sys- tems found in the other three divisions, than the

2

14 GRAND DIVISIONS.

medulla spinalis. Itis that system which extends through the heart, lungs, and stomach, and is cuon- nected with the brain by a very minute fibre.— Nature seems to have been very solicitous to pro- vide for the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems, in every division of animals. ‘The sys- tem of nerves, devoted to this object, is kept al- most distinct in vertebral animals, and the medul- da spinalis, as well as the brain, seem to be but appendages.

The organs of sense and motion are all double, and are arranged on two sides of the nervous axis. To the vertebral column are attached two series of ribs, constituting the chief frame-work of the body. Strong bony limbs are bound to each ex- tremity of the bony column, which are mestly cov- ered by the muscles which give them motion. All the proper visera are iInclosed in the head and trunk.

Both brain and medulla spinalis being peculiar to this division, the sentient principle is much more perfect in this than in the other divisions. Here we find four pair of organs of sense. ‘Two eyes, two ears, two nostrils, and two fleshy mass- es constituting a tongue, or rather a pair of or- gans of taste.

These animals have red blood, hearts with al- ternate sistole and diastole motions, horizontal

* jaws adapted to the preparation of food for the di- gestive process. ‘I'hey are viviparous or ovipa- rous, and from the commencement of their lives till death, they supply the daily waste of their bodies by masticating and passing into the stom- ach, aliment suited to their respective natures. A,

GRAND DIVISIONS. | 45

part of this aliment is carried into the circulatory system by lymphatic vessels.

Animals of this division being more complicated in their structure, are subject to a greater variety ef diseases. “They have more acute pains and more exquisite pleasures.

Examples. Man, bat, squirrel, elephant, deer, whale, eagle, humming-bird, tortoise, crecodile, viper, frog, ee!, shark, salmon.

16 ' SENTIENT PRINCIPLE.

SENTIENT PRINCIPLE,

ACCORDING TO THE ORDER OF THE FOUR GRAND DIVISIONS OF ANIMALS.

1 RADIATED ANIMALS.

The sentient principle in this division of ant- mals, is scarcely manifest. Many of them being fixed like a plant, and scarcely exhibiting any signs of irritability, are hardly distinduiched from plants, or even from minerals. if they are sen- sible to pleasure or to pain, few of them have the means of making their sensations known to man.

il. MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS.

The nervous and circulatory systems being more complicated, we infer, from analogy, that this division of animais possesses the sentient principle in greater perfection. But such is their clumsy structure, that they are incapable of evin- cing their superiority to the radiated divisions, if they are really superior. Some species of snail have considerable locomotive power ; and exhibit - signs of fear, and retreat suddenly from danger. Some species of the bivalves change situation as their wants seem to dictate. Little, however, can be said of the sagacity of this division of animals.

WI. ARTICULATED ANIMALS.

Though the nervous and circulatory systems are less perfect in this than in the last division of an- imals, their forms being better adapted to the ex- hibition of their pleasures, pains, and wants, they

SENTIENT PRINCIPLE, a

appear to be the more perfect. It requires the im- agination to be severely disciplined by the con- troul of the reasoning powers, and the authority of analogy, to yield to the opinioa, that the clum- sy inert shapeless oyster is more intelligent than the frugal bee, the provident ant, and the revenge- ful wasp. |

Among this division of animals, we discover instincts, which guide their actions like the wisdom of sages. Butas they have no brain, we cannot ascribe to them any of those faculties of mind, which seem to be lodged ne where but in that or- gan.

IV. VERTEBRAL ANIMALS.

Animals of this division are furnished with the appendage, at the anterior extremity of the medal- la spinalis, denominated the brain. ‘'This appen- dage consists of fibrous fascicles, radiating in pairs from the end of the medulla spinalis, and termina- ting at the inner suriace of the cranium, and inve- loped in a soft ash-colored medullary substance. ‘These fascicles are few in number in the class of jish, more in the class of amphibious animals, more still in birds, and most of all in the class mammatia, or in that class in which the young are nourished with the milk of the dam. Experience teaches us, that the sagacity of animals increases as we ascend the scale of increased fascicles.— The lizard and snake are more sagacious than fish ; the bird more sagacious than lizards and snakes ; the dog and horse more sagacious than birds. u

In ascending the scale of orders in the class mammalia, we find the increased number of cere- Q*

4s SENTIENT PRINCIPLE,

bral fascicles indicating higher degrees of sagacity,. until we arrive at the order d:manes, in which man alone is found. Man has a different set of cere- bral fascicles from any other animal. These fas- cicles terminate in that part of the head called the forehead, which, in most heads agrees in its boun- dary lines with the limits of that part of the head which is covered with hair. Many of the fasci- cles terminating in that part of the human head which is covered with hair, man has in common with some other animals ; but those of the fore- ‘head are pecular to man.

RESIDENCE OF THE MENTAL FACULTIES OF MAN, OR PHRENOLOGY.

It is the opinion of some philosophers, that the ¢aculties of the mind are distinct and located ; al- so, that their particular locations may be ascer- iained by a long course of careful observations. The facts collected by such a course of observa- tions, have been arranged in systematic order ; and the authors of this arrangement have denom- inated it the science of phrenology. Many con- sider this pretended science as mere quackery, | unworthy of any serious attention, Others have treated it as a science, deserving particular at- tention. It was scarcely noticed by men of sci- ence in Europe or in America, excepting for pur- poses of burlesque and ridicule, until the opinion of the professors of the French National Institute appeared in the printed journals. Though the system of Gall and Spurzheim was not admitted as ascience, the serious manner in which it was d4reated by a constellation of the greatest men of this age, and their decided approbation in relation

SENTIENT PRINCIPLE. 49

fo some important facts, discovered in the anato- my of the brain, induced many learned men of both.continents, to give the subject a serious dis- cussion ‘The approbation of Sir Astley Cooper, also induced much inquiry. Whatever may be its fate, whether it is destined to die with its au- thors, or to be received as a science, it seems ne- cessary at the present day, to understand the gen- eral outlines of its principles. We shall, there- fore, give a few pages to the subject; merely suf- ficient to acquaint the student with its principles, without giving a detailed exposition of the au- thors’ arguments or applications.

The mind is supposed to be a substance totally distinct from matter, and to take its residence in the brain for a season, in a manner somewhat analagous to the residence of the electric fluid in the tinfoil which lines a Leyden vial. As the electric fluid may lie dormant here. or may be in a situation to exert its powers, without destroying it or changing its nature, so the mind may reside in the brain tn a torpid or in an active state, with- eut any essential change. As the electric fluid may at one time reside in tinfoil, again in vapor, and again in the earth, without any change or without partaking of the nature of the tinfoil, of the vapor, or of the earth ; so the mind cr soul may at one time reside in the brain, at another in the re- gions beyond the grave, without any change or without partaking of the nature of the brain, &c. And as the electric fluid will exert its powers, while in connexion with the tinfoil, &c. to better er worse advantage, as it is more or less favorably situated, though its essential qualities willnot be altered, so the mind will exert its powersto bet-

20 SENTIENT PRINCIPLE..

ter or worse advantage, while in connexion with the brain, as it is more or less favorably situated, though its essential qualities will not be altered.

In order to ascertain on what circumstances the favorable operations of the powers of the mind de- pend, an extensive series of comparisons was ne- cessary. One point was soon ascertained. The united observations of mankind for ages, has de- monstrated, that all persens whose foreheads are greatly compressed are idiots, though in the best state of health. Hence a safe inference was drawn, that the developement of a duly proportioned vo- lume of brain in the forehead, is essential to the advantageous exercise of the powers of the mind. After proving that a due developement of volume was necessary to common sense, enlarged and compressed portions of the brain were to be ex- amined, in cases of remarkable strength or weak- ness in any of the faculties of the mind. Ifone individual possessed remarkable discriminating powers, and another was strongly predisposed tobe at variance with others; and if the former had a remarkable prominent ridge in the centre of the upper part of his forehead, and the latter had an unusual prominence back of his ears, the promi- | nent ridge in the forehead would be called the or- gan of discrimination, and the prominence back of the ears, the organ of combativeness. Should the same coincidence of prominences and faculties frequently occur, after twenty or thirty years of accurate observation, the location of them would be considered as the residence of such faculties ; and their volume would indicate their degree of strength or weakness. :

ea

SENTIENT PRINCIPLE. 214

Upon such a course of observations, Gall and Spurzheim have constructed their system. And now they call upon the scientific world to apply their rules to all the cases which occur to each ob- server, in order to test their sysiem. The follow- ing is a description of their rules in substance.— We have omitted their minute subdivisions, which seem to have been the result of that excessive zeal which men often feel for a favorite theory.

PHRENOLOGICAL FACULTIES.

Orver LI.

The Feevinc Facuutirs. These are located in that part of the cranium which is usually cov- ered with hair. Some of these are found in other animals.

Orver II.

The InreLLecruaL Facuities. These are Jocated in that part of the cranium, which is usu- ally destitute of a hairy covering. None of these are found in any animals but men.

Men are said to be more strongly predisposed to be controuled by their feelings, or by their in- tellectual faculties, as the velumes of those two parts of the head bear relation to each other, mea- suring from the passage into the ear.

GENERA. The first order is divided inte

Genus 1. Propensities. ‘This genus of facul- ties includes the lower part of the order. Com-

*. -

32 SENTIENT PRINCIPLE.

mencing with the cerebellum, it extends forward of the ears to the boundary line of the second or- der.

Grenus 2. Sentiments. This genus of faculties includes the upper part of the order. Commenc- ing above the greatest prominence in the back part of the head, it extends forward to the boun- dary of the second order.

The second order is divided into

Genus 3. Knowing faculties. This genus of faculties includes the lower part of the order.

Genus 4. fieflecting faculties. This genus of faculties includes the upper part of the order.

N.B. In well proportioned heads. the line of division between the first and second genera, in both orders, runs parallel to the base of the crani- um, about equidistant between the top and bet- tem of it,

SECTIONS. Genus 1.

Section 1. Retiring benignity. Those facul- ties which dispose to love, friendship and retire- ment, also enable the possessor to concentrate his thoughts in the investigation of abstruse subjects.

Location. In the back part of this genus 3; be- ing the part of the head near the top of the neck, and extending above the most prominent part of it.

Section 2. Invinsible seif-love. ‘Those facul- ties which dispose to effect our own purposes, whether controversies, secrecy, strong offensive and defensive measures, private defensive build- ings, or whatever other means may be required for it,

SENTIENT PRINCIPLE. 23

Location. The forepart of this genus, being wear the ears,

GENUS 2.

Section 3. Approving justice and firmness.— Those faculties which dispose to cautiousness, justice and firmness, with a consciousness of mer- it and a desire for approbation.

Location. ‘Phe back part of this genus, being in well proportioned heads, the highest part, and extending downwards below the lateral promi- nences.

Section 4. Benevolent enthusiasm. Those a- culties which dispose to benevelence and an en- thusiastic devotedness to the happiness of others and to divine worship. It often leads to poetic veveries and fantastic hopes.

Location. The fore part of this genus begin- ning above the naked part of the forehead, running about half way towards the crown, and extending half way down towards the ears.

Genus 3.

Section 5. Klegant powers. Those faculties which are adapted to music, painting, ready reck- oning and eloquence.

Locality. That part of this genus which would be included under a narrow belt, crossing the eyes and extending up from the outer half of the eyes, about half way to the top of the forehead. The enlargement of the fascicles back of the eyes, is indicated by prominent eyes. In these fasci- cles the faculty of eloquence in particular is sup- posed to reside.

24 SENTIENT PRINCIPLE.

Section 6. Inventive powers. Those faculties which are adapted to the invention aud execution of original plans, whether they relate to forms of machinery, arranging the course of business in which one is engaged, constructing scientific sys- tems, or whatever else requires a talent for sug- gesting original forms and schemes.

Location. That part of this genus which is si-

-tuated at the bottom of the centre of the forehead,

at the origin of the nose. ‘ihe breadth of the nose at its origin and the projection of the forehead at that point, indicate the strength of the faculties of this section.

Section 7. Ready pereeption. ‘Those faculties which are adapted to the ready acquisition of a su- perficial knowledge of objects, such as to know a human countenance after a single glance, to be able to ennumerate the individual parts of an ex- tensive pleasure ground, of an artificial work, or of along story or song, without study or fatigue.

Location. The centre of the lower part of the forehead, from above the origin of the nose to half the height of the forehead. |

Genus 4,

Section 8. Philosephic powers. ‘Those facul- ties which are adapted to the tracing of cause and effect, to making accurate distinctions, to solving mathematical problems, and to judging in all other cases where the subject is so presented to the mind as to be understood. | 7

Location. That part of this genus which occu- pies the upper and middle part of the forehead, and extends about half way to the origin of the nose.

SENTIENT PRINCIPLE. 25

Section 9. Comic powers. Those faculties which are adapted te the perception and perform- ance of mimicries, and te comic and witty sayings.

Location. The upper corners of the forehead, and extending down the outer limits of it half way

te the eyes.*

Remarks.

In estimating the nine sections of the head, gen- eral dimensions should be considered in most cas- es ; and no head can be a fit subject for examina- tion which has been enlarged or distorted by dis- ease. Sections 1, 3, 4, 6 and 8, should be esti- mated by considering the dimensions of the brain from the passage inte the ear. Section 2, should be estimated by the diameter of the head immedi- ately above the ears. Sections 5, 7 and 9, should be estimated by comparing their prominent or compressed state with the adjoining sections.

It is supposed that a well proportioned head indicates intellectual strength, but want of mental activity. And that a head whose sections are greatly disproportioned to each other, indicates great activity in the prominent locations. These two rules are said to be founded on many obser-

*Gall and Spurzheim have weakened their system by descending to 33 minute subdivisions. Sectzon 1, is divided into amativeness, phi- loprogenitiveness, inhabitiveness and adhesiveness. Sec. 2, combat- iveness, destructiveness, constructiveness, covetiveness and secretive- ness. Sec. 3, cautiousness, conscienciousuess, firmness, love of appro- bation, self-esteem. Sec. 4, benevoleace, veneration, hope, ideality. Sec. 6, individuality, locality. Sec. 6, form, size, weight, momenta. Sec. 7, colouring, order, time, number, fune, language. Sec. 8, com- parison, causality. Sec.9, wit, imitation.

Those who wish to study the faculties, as here enumerated, are re- ferred to Dr. Bell’s edition of Combe’s elements of Phrenology. Dr. Caldwell, of Transylvania University, has published a work on this sub- ject, which is said to possess great merit ; but I have not been able to obtain a copy of it.

3

26 SENTIENT PRINCIPLE.

vations. It is explained on the principle, that when all the sections arein equilibrio, the faculties correct and moderate each other; while an un- balanced faculty acts vehemently without re- straint.

A weak faculty may be strengthened by exer- cise, and a strong one may be weakened by neg- lect. An amiable child may be made quarrel- some and wicked by experiencing perpetual cruel- ties. His faculty ef combativeness is thus strength- ened by use ; while his faculty of benevolence he- comes enfeebled for want of objects to excite it inte healthy action. On the same principle evil pro- pensities may be put down and the best sentiments strengthened by careful and discreet culture.— The great diversity in the mental faculties of hu- man individuals is ascribed to the state of society and individual education through many genera- tions. Very little diversity is observed among wild animals ; while individuals of the same spe- cies of domesticated animals present heads very different in form.

The advocates for this system of phrenology suppose that it furnishes a ready solution of many operations of the mind. Insanity (which often seems to affect but one faculty of the mind, while all the others remain unimpaired) they say may be explained by supposing that pair of fascicles, in which the disordered faculty is lodged, to be so far impaired as to embarrass that faculty in the exertion of its powers.

CAE AEE)

ELEMENTARY TERMS

EMPLOYED IN ZOOLOGY.

The science of animals was divided by Linneus into six branches, each according with one of his six classes. he French have prefixed a more general two-fold di- vision. ‘These divisions, however, are rather popular than scientific.

Animals are divided into

VERTEBRAL, having back-bones.

AVERTEBRAL, destitute of back-bones.

VERVEBRAL animals are divided into

1. QuapRUPEDs, the science of which has no popular name. It includes four footed animals; as ox, dog, mouse.

2. Birps, the science of which is called ornithology. it includes the feathered tribe ; as pigeon, goose, wren.

5. AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS, the science of which is call- ed amphibiology. It includes those cold-blooded animals, which are capable of living on dry land or in the water ; as tortoise, lizard, serpent, frog.

4. Fisu, the science of which is called ichthyology. It includes all aquatic animals, which have gills and fins ; as shad, trout, sturgeon, eel.

AVERPEBRAL animals are divided into

5. Ixsecrs, the science of which is called entomology It includes all animals with jointed bodies, which have jointed limbs ; as flies, spiders, lobsters.

6. VerMEs, the science of which is called helminthol- ogy. It includes all soft animals of the avertebral divis- ion, Which have no jointed limbs, with or without hard coverings ; as angle-worms, snails, oysters, polypi, in- fusory animals,

28 : ELEMENTARY TERMS.

Remarks. These popular divisions are inserted for the purpose of giving the mind of the student the right direction, in regard to the language to which he has been accustomed. For the same purpose, he should be guarded against considering lava as entitled to a place among vermes. ‘Though Jarvaare usually called worms, they are insects on the transmigratory passage from the ege tothe winged state. Therefore the student is to consider the caterpillar, the maggot, the web-making larva, and all other common animals called worms, ex- cepting the angle-worm, as insects.

ELEMENTARY PARTS OF ANIMALS.

In describing animals, their bodies are divided into ten parts. 1. Head, 2. Neck, 3. Thorax, 4. Abdomen, 5. Fore-legs, 6. Hind-legs, 7. Fore-feet, 8. Hind-feet, 9, Toes, 10. Tail. Four common appendages are in- cluded, as elementary parts. 1. Horns, 2. Noses, 3. Smellers, 4, Covering. ‘These parts are not found as constituents or appendages of all animals ; but all ani- mals are made up of more or less of them, or of what are analagous to them.

ANALAGOUS PARTS OF ANIMALS.

i. Mammalia, head—Aves, head—Amphibia, lhead— Pisces. head—Insects, head—Vermes, fore end.

2. Mam. neck—Av. neck—Am. neck—Pi. none—In. neck or none—Yer. none.

3, Mam. thorax—Av. thorax—Am. thorax——Pi. thorax —In. therax—Ver. nothing.

4; Mam. abdomen—Av. abdomen—Am. abdomen—Pi. abdomen—In. abdomen—Ver. abdomen.

5. Mam. fore legs—Av. wings—Am. fore legs—Pi. nothing—In. wings or nothing—Ver. nothing.

ELEMENTARY TERMS. 29

6. Mam. hind legs—Av. legs—Am. hind legs—Pi. noth- ing—In. legs—Ver. fleshy processes or nothing.

7. Mam. fore feet—Av. quill-feathers—Am. fore feet— Pi. pectoral fins—In. nothing—Ver. nothing.

S. Mam. hind feet—Av. feet—Am. hind feet—Pi. cau- dal fins—lIn. tarsi—Ver. nothing.

9, Mam. toes—Av. toes—Am. toes—Pi. rays—In. hooks —Ver. nothing.

10. Mam. tail—Av. rump and feathers—Am. tail or no- thing—Pi. tail—In. tail or nothing—Ver. tail or no- thing. |

APPENDAGES.

11. Mam. horns or nothing—Av. caruncle, crown or nothing—Am. spines or nothiag—Pi. spines or no- thing—In. antennee—Ver. nothing.

12, Mam. probosis or nose—Av. beak —Am. nose—Pi. nose—In. proboscis or mandibles—Ver. nothing.

15. Mam. smellers or nothing—Av. nothing—Am. no- thing—Pi. tentacule or nothing—In. palpi—Ver. ten- tacule.

14. Mam. hair—Av. feathers—Am. crust, shell or no- thing—Pi. scales—In. crust, scales or nothing—Ver. shell, stoney tube or nothing.

I. RELATING TO THE HEAD.

OccIPITAL, pertaining to the back part of the head.

Lores, the naked lines on a bird’s head between the eyes and the base of the bill.

AURICLES, ear-like feathers.

ManpisLes, the upper and lower jaws of a bird’s beak or bill.

CERE, membrane covering the base of a bird’s bill.

FronTLet, the part back of the base of a bird’s bill, generally bristly.

3%

30 ELEMENTARY TERMS.

CuLTrateE, a beak resembling a pruning-knife or coul- ter. WatTTLes, fleshy appendages under the chin. MissiLE-Toneue, which may be thrust far out of the mouth. - NicTiTANT-MEMBRANE, a semi-transparent eye-lid. _ Exserr, teeth, &c. projecting out. - Incisors. front, or cutting teeth. CusPIDATES, canine teeth, next to Incisors. Motares, grinders, the teeth farthest back in the mouth. Viprissak, smellers, hair of the nostrils. ProvrrvusiLe, when the head may be thrust out. RETRACTILE, When the head may be drawn in. Errvuse, witha pouring outlet, like a pitcher nose in the mouth of some shells, as cyprea, Byssus, silky fibres at the hinge or head of some shells. Bearp. tendril-form appendage to mouths of fish. Giti-covers, the bony. or cartilagenous substance pla- ced on the gill-membiane. GILL-MEMBRANE, the membrane covering the gills. BroncuiaL, pertaining to the gills. STEmMMATA, small lucid. globules resembling eyes, on the top of the head ; generally three in number.

Il. RELATING TO THE NECK. Scraa, back of a bird’s neck. InpisTincT, when the head and breast: grow in one piece. | fil. RELATING TO THE THORAX OR BREAST. -VeEnTricies, the larger cavities of the heart. AvricLes, the smaller cavities, above the larger, and resembling ears in appearance...

ELEMENTARY TERMS, a.

LATERAL-LINE, the side-line of many fish, dividing the back from the belly.

Dorsat, reiating to the back.

Dorsat-¥Ftns, any back-fin between the head and tail-fin.

PECTORAL FINS, a pair growing on each side the breat.

Potsrers or Haters, globules on slender stems under the wings of some two-winged insects.

ScuTeL, or EscuTcHeon, a piece between the bases of the upper wings, on the backs of insects.

HyaLinE Scuren, &c. glass-like.

iV. RELATING TO THE ABDOMEN OR BELLY.

NAYANT, floating in water.

TURBINATE, Shaped like a top.

PHOSPHORESCENT, emitting light in the dark,

ABDOMINAL, relating to the beily.

ABDOMINAL-RINGS, annulas, or ring-form segments of the belly of insects ; generally 5.

Crioaca, a general vent, where eggs, urine and faces are evacuated,

VENT, the aperture in fish where foeces, &c. are dis- charged.

ANAL-FINS, one or more between the vent and caudal fins.

ABDOMINAL-FINS, any where under thie fish, between the head and vent.

Y. RELATING. TO FORE-LEGS AND WINGS;

AULULET, (spurious wing,) a tuft of 3 or 5 feathers on the outer fore-joint of a bird’s wing.

TecTrIcs, (wing: coverts,) the longest feathers in a wing, next above the quills.

Miwnor-TecTrRIcs, (lesser. wing-coverts,) the wing-fea- thers above the tectrics.

32 ELEMENTARY TERMS.

ARTICULATED, united by a joint.

ELYTrRA, the upper shelly wings of insects. TRUNCATE, appearing as if abruptly cut off at the end. RetTvseE, ending in an obtuse sinus, or rounded notch. DEFLEX, wings bent down arch-wise.

OCELLATE, eye-form spots.

VI; RELATING TO THE HIND LEGS. Leas of insects are always 6 or more ; and are divided. into thigh, shank and tarsus. FETTERED LEGS, parily involved in the intigunem of ¥ the abdomen, or bent back, so as to be unfit for walk- ing with facility.

VIL. RELATING TO FORE-FEET, &c.

Primary Remices. (quill-feathers,) the outer and lar- gest quills of the wings.

Seconpary Remicss, smaller quills, adjoining the pri- maries.

TERTIALS, inner smallest quills, adjoining the seconda- ries.

PECTORAL-FINS, on each side of the breast, behind the gills.

Rays, the fibres or bony spines of fins and gill mem- branes.

VILL. RELATING TO THE HIND-FEET. Natvant, feet and appendages formed for swiming. GRESSORAL, feet formed for running or walking, with three toes forward and one back ; the two outer toes mostly jointed haif way.

ScaNsoRIAL, feet formed for climbing ; two toes forward and two back.

PERCHING, grasping, hawk-like.

CHELATE Craws, forcipaied foremost feet in some in- sects, as lobster.

ELEMENTARY TERMS. 33

‘Larsus,* the ancle or foot of an insect, generally lone

and many-jointed. CaUDAL-FINS, on the end of fishes tails.

IX. RELATING TO THE TAIL.

PREHENSILE, formed for coiling around, and holding by, substances.

Rump, the cordate process supporting the tail of a bird.

TAaiL-FEATHERS, the large feathers of the tail, general- ly 12, sometimes 10, 18, 20, 24.

EXPANSiLE, capable of being spread.

Tain-coverts, the clump of feathers next above the rump.

UropyeialL, (or hypochondriac,) several long feathers above on each side the tail, differing in form from the others.

X. RELATING TO ‘THE HORNS, ANTEN- NAS, &c.

ANTENN4, the horns or jointed processes on the heads of insects, generally forward of the eyes. ‘They are short, when not so long as the body ; long, when lon-

_ ger; moderate, when about equal.

SETACEOoUS ANTENN®, shaped like a bristle, tapering from base to point.

FusirorM, spindle-form, being largest near the middle and tapering both ways.

LAMINATED, consisting of several thin flat portions.

FILIFoRM, thread-form, of nearly equal size through its whole length.

CuavaTe, club-form, thickening at the end, sometimes ending in a knob.

* In numbering the joints, the last cylindric one is reckoned, leaving nothing out ofthe number but minute claws at the very tip.

34 ELEMENTARY TERMS.

PERFOLIATE, knobs or joints flattened into circular plates, so that the antenna seems to pass through their centre.

MoNILIFORM, joints more or less globular, so that the whole in some manner resembles a string of beads. SERRATE, joints so formed that the sides of the on

resemble saw-teeth.

PECTINATE, comb-form, numerous fine processes aac one or both sides, pointing somewhat towards the tip.

BaRBATE, processes pointing backward,

FisstLe. split at the tip into several flat separations.

PrisMATic, having two or more flat sides.

DIFFRACTED, twice bent; first outwardly, then for- ward, as in ants.

CaRuNCLE, fleshy protuberance on the heads of some birds, as turkies,

XI. RELATING TO PROBOSCES, NOSES, TEN- TACULA. &c. Progosctis, elongated tubular snout or sucker. TENTACULA, the arms, or {celers, of insects and vermes. Paper, the feelers attached to mouths of insects. LENTICULAR, resembling small lentils which are some-_ What the form ofthe convex glasses in spectacles.

XIL RELATING TO HAIR, FEATHERS, &c.

CINEREOUS, greyish, colour of ashes.

ScAPuLARS, feathers descending down Ts side of the back.

INTERSCAPULARS, the back-feathers, between the bases of the wings.

MatLep, covered with a kind of long hard armor.

CATAPHRACTED, callous skin, or cartilagenous scales,

ELEMENTARY TERMS. 35

Muricateé, clothed with sharp rigid points. EcuinaTe, covered with prickles, as hedge-hog. TorosE, knobbed, like a toad.

PAPILLosE, covered with fleshy pimples. Lacunoss, covered with small pits.

Pruinose, covered with frost-like meal. PELLUCID, clear, transparent.

XH. RELATING TO REPRODUCTION.

Yiviranovs, bringing forth young without eggs, being first produced alive.

Oviparots, young from eggs.

STOLONIFEROUS, produced by cions or shoots.

Ovum, the egg as first produced from the animal.

Larva, animal in the caterpillar or maggot state.

Popa, (aurelia, nymph, chrysolis,) quiescent state of an insect after passing from the larva,

ImaGo, the perfect, full-formed insect.

(wr) CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS.

Having considered the animal kingdom with yeference to the succession of animals in the or- der of creation, and the sentient principle; we now commence with a system of classification. adapted to the analysis of animals, for the pur- pose of ascertaining generic and specific names.

THE VBRTEBRAL ANIMALS ARE DISTRIBUTED INTO FOUR CLASSES.

4. MamMALia, viviparous and the young nour- ished by the milk ef the dam.

Heart with two ventricles and two auricles.— Lungs respire alternately.

Examples. Man, ape, bear, beaver, sloth, horse, ox, Whale.

2. Avis, oviparous, having two wings and two

eet.

Heart with two ventricles and two auricles, ce- vering imbricate feathers. Lungs ventilated by alternate contractions and expansions of air cells below thei ; not by their own motion. Jaws, or mandibles, naked and without teeth. Ffars with- eut auricles. |

Examples. Hawk, swallow, parrot, hen, crane, =00se.

3. AmpuHinia, capable of suspending respiration a long time, without impeding the circulation of the blood.* Oviparous or viviparous, without fins.

Heart with one ventricle. Cold-blooded, coy- ered with strong scales or with a naked skin.

* Cuvier and several other zoologists substitute reptilia for amphtbte. Cuvier’s own definition is founded on the amphibious nature of thig. class ; while the lizard and frog are not reptilious.

38 CLASSES.

Examples. Tortoise, lizard, snake, frog, sal- amander, proteus, siren.

4. Pisces, oviparous, having fins, and no feet.

Heart with one ventricle, blood cold, gills sub- stituted for lungs, covering imbricate scales.

Examples. Sturgeon, sunfish, pipefish, shad, bullhead. |

ARTICULATED ANIMALS

ARE DIVIDED INTO FOUR CLASSES,

5. Annevipa, without a bony skeleton and hav- ing red blood Body soft, elongated ; covering di- vided into numerous tr nsveErse rings.

Mostly living in water. Some of them secrete calcareous matter, which forms a stony, tubular covering.

Examples. Earth-worm (angle-worm) sea- pipe, leech, hair-snake.

6. Crusracres, animals with jointed hmbs, which are articulated to a hard calcareous crust. They respire by a kind of gills.

_ Their gills are pyramidal, made up of plates, or bristly with threads, plumes or simple plates. They generally occupy the base of the feet. ‘They have mostly four antennz, ten feet and six jaws : one under lip is always wanting.

Example. Lobsters, crabs, horse-hoofs.

7. ARACHNIDA, animals with jointed limbs, with- outantenne They respire by little openings ator near the termination of the thorax, which lead to organs resembling lungs ; or by little trachee or pipes distributed over the whole body.

- The head and thorax are blended together, They have mostly six or eight eyes, and eight

CLASSES. 39

feet. They feed chiefly upon living animals. They do not pass through any material change after they are produced, as insects do.

Examples. Spider, grey-beard.

8. Insecta, animals with jointed limbs, and an- tena. They respire by two principal trachee or pipes running parallel to each other through the whole body ; which throw off at intervals many branches to the surface of the body, through which air 7s admitted. |

The head and thorax are distinct, antenne two. They are mostly winged, having one or two pair; afew are without wings. ‘They have six feet, excepting that some of the wingless genera have more : their mouths consist of six pieces, dispos- ed in pairs, but do not all move in the same direction. One pair is sometimes called the mouth or mandi- bles, another the lips, another is a kind of cloven tongue. In some insects the mandibles become a kind of beak. Most insects pass through several states of transmigration. 1. The egg, 2. the lar- va, 3. the chirysails, 4. the perfect insect.

Example. ‘thousand-leg, flea, grasshopper, butterfly, miller, house-ily. |

MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS

ARE INCLUDED IN ONE* CLASS.

9. Motuusca, bodies soft without internal skele- ton, external crust or jointed limbs. Covering, a soft skin without rings ; sometimes defended by stony plates. .

Blood white or bluish. Their muscles being attached to the skin without any solid supporters ;

* Cuvier divides them into six classes. But it appears to be more convenient to make orders of such obscure classes.

40 GLASSES.

their motions consist in various curvilinear con- tractions, contortions and elongations. Examples. Snail, slug, oyster, clam.

RADIATED ANIMALS

ARE DIVIDED INTO FIVE CLASSES.

10. EcHINODERMA, spine covered animals. They have intestinal organs of respiration and for a par- tial circulation.

Their organized structure is more complicated than that of any other class of this division.

Kxamples. Sea-star or star fish, sea-hedgehog.

41, Inrestina, animals inhabiting the bodies of other animals. "They have no discoverable organs for respiration or for circulation.

They are generally oval, long, terete or com- pressed ; with their orgaus longitudinally ar- ranged. Some have an intestinal canal, others have none. ‘They generally inhabit the intes- tines,* glands, or cellular integuments of other animals.

Examples. 'Tape-worm, hydatids.

12. AcaLepna, circular radiated animals, with. out organs of respiration ag circulation.

They are the largest of “the Zophytes. They differ from the class Polypi by the developement of the tissue of their organs.

Examples. Sea-anemone, zoanthus, kraken ?

13. Po.ypi, small gelatinous animals with mouths surrounded by tentacule. The conducting tube, passing into the stomach, simple or passing down in the form of vessels.

* Cuvier says, the most efficacious vermifuge is animal oil mixed with oil ef turpentine.

ORDERS. 4i

This class embraces.that numerous tribe of compound animals which inhabit or rather com- pose, fixed stems, offea called marine plants,

Examples. Corais, sponges, sea- fans.

44. Inrusoria, animals which abound in stag- nant liguids only ; and which cannot be discovered without the microscepe.

Most of these animals are gelatinous without any organized viscera. But some of them are more or less complicated in their structure ; hay- ing a stomach and organs for motion.

Examples. Vibrio, volvox.

CLASS MAMMALIA IS DIVIDED INTO EIGHT ORDERS.

1. Biman, having two hands and cuspidate teeth. | cep Man. Be

2. QuapRuMANI, having four funds and cuspi- date teeth.

ee a :

Examples... Ape, ourang-outang.

ve eee ae 3. CaRnivori, having cuspidate “hs ecth, “toes with nails and no thumbs. ga ed

Examples. Bat, hedgehog, Sela e art Raste bear, martin, dog, wolf, weazle, cat, on seal, opossum.

4. Arrosores, (rongeurs) gnawers, or animals having incisors in both jaws and no cuspidate teeth ; toes with nails ; feeding almost wholly on vegetable substances.

Examples. Beaver, rat, squirrel, hare.

5. EDENTATA, animals without incisors, and with hoof-like nails. * 4

AR ORDERS.

Examples. Sloth. armadillo, duckbill.

6. Pacuyperma, thick-skin animals, with hoofs and without clavicles.

Examples. Elephant, mastodon (extinct) hip- popotamus, hog, rhinoceros, paleotherium (ex- tinct,) tapir, horse, zebra.

7. RuminantTes, animals which chew the cud, have incisors below only, and feet with cloven hoofs.

Examples. Camel, musk, deer, girafi, ante- fope, goat, sheep, ox.

8. Cure, aguatice animals, without any hind feet ; and whose fore feet are degenerated into fin-like limbs.

Kxamples. Whale, dolphin, porpoise, nar- whal, physeter.

II. CLASS AVES

YS DIVIDED INTO SIX ORDERS.

ak Accirirres, birds of prey, with strong hook- he puss & ed beaks and claws. They have four toes ; the

? igh and Oe inner one of the other three are

ig larg Era wee,

= Sime eelienivorous ; feeding on other birds, or small ie upeds, reptiles, &e.

a me ly “Vulture, hawk, buzzard, eagle.

eae

i> Pueeeay sparrow- -like birds ; including all uiioh are not swimmers, waders, or runners, climb- ers, birds of prey, or of the gallinaceous kind.

Examples. Grackle, fly- -catcher, thrush, crow,

oriole, warbler, wren, swallow, hum-bird, king-

bird or bee-eater, king-fisher, lark, sparrow, robin,

paradise-bird.

ORDERS. 43

3. Scansores, (grimpeurs,) climbers ; includ- ing those birds whose outer toe is directed back- wards with the thumb-toe, by which they are sup- ported in climbing and in fastening themselves to trunks of trees.

Examples. Woodpecker, wryneck, cuckoo, barbet, parrot, parrakeet.

4, Gauuinaces, including all gallinaceous or henlike birds. Forward toes united partially at the base and jagged along their edges.

Examples. Peacock, turkey, pheasant, hen, grous, patridge, quail, pigeon.

5. GRaLuaTores, (echassiers,) large-stepping birds, mostly with the two outer toes partially united. 3

They either wade in water or run on dry land, The strong-bilied kind mostly live on fish ; those with slender bills feed on insects.

Examples. Ostrich, lapwing, plover, oyster- catcher, crane, stork, heron, boat-bill, ibis, spoon- bill, woodcock, curlew, sand-piper, screamer, rail, coot, water-hen, flamingo.

_ 6. AnsereEs, (palmipedes,) feet palmate, most- ly having the toes connected by membranes, and formed for swimming. 7

Examples. Diver, merganser, auk, penguin, petrel, albatross, gull, tern, skimmer, pelican, goose, duck, swan.

Ill. CLASS AMPHIBIA

IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR ORDERS.

4. Cuevonia, reptiles with two auricles to the heart ; having back shells and four feet.

SA oe:

44 ORDERS.

Examples. Tortoise, turtle, matmata.

2. Sauria, reptiles having two auricles to the heart ; covered with scales and Aaving four feet.

Examples. Crocodile, lizard, basalisk, drag- on, chamelion.

3. Oruipia, reptiles with two auricles to the heart, and desti:ute of feet.

Examples. Serpents or snakes, hydra and vi- per.

4, BaTracuia, reptiles with one auriele to the heart, body nuked. and heving four or two feet.

Examples. Frog, toad, tree-toad, salamander, proteus, siren.

Iv. CLASS PISCES

IS DIVIDED INTO SIX ORDERS.

4. Apoprs,* o7/l-membranes (if any) with long rays ; ventral fins none.

Examples. el, sword-fish.

2. JUGULARES, gill membranes with bony rays ; ventral fins before the pectoral. 3

Examples. Codfish, blenny. .

3. Tuoracict, gli membranes with bony rays ; vertebral fins under the pectoral.

Examples. Bullhead, flounder, hollibut, mack- erel. |

4. ABBDOMINAL#S, gill-membranes with long rays ; ventral fins back of the pectoral. Examples. Salmon, trout, sea-pipe, shad, carp.

* I adopt the orders of Linneus in this class ; because, in my opin-

ion, they are preferable to those of Cuvier, and will eventually be retained. ont '

@RDERS. 45

5. Brancurosrecus, skeleton cartilaginous, without ribs; having gill-membranes ; with or without gillecovers.

Examples. Sucker, mullet, sun-fish.

6. CHoNDROrPTERYGIOUS, skeleton cartilagen- ous, without ribs ; gill-membranes wanting ; with or without gill-covers.

Examples. Lamprey, ray, shark, sturgeon.

V. CLASS ANNELIDA IS DIVIDED INTO THREE ORDERS.

4. Tupsicona, articulated, semi-m: lluseous ani- mals, with red blood, encased in calcarevus tubes.

Examples. Serpula or sea-pipe, amphitrite, tooth-shell or dentalium.

2. Dorsisrancuta, back-gilled Their respira- tory organs ure distributed all along the body to- wards one side, called the back.

Examples. Nereis, aphrodite.

3. Aprancuia, having no gills or other respira- tory organs ; but their respiration is performed by the entire surface of the skin.

Examples. Angle-worm, leech or blood-suck- er, nais, gordius or hair snake.

Vil. CLASS CRUSTACEA

IS DIVIDED INTO FIVE ORDERS.

4. Decapopta, ten-footed. Head confounded with the trunk ; eyes moveable ; mandibles with palpi or feelers.

The gills are situated at the outer base of the feet. A numerous order.

Example. Crabs, lobsters.

‘= \>

AG ORDERS.

2. Sromapopia, hody-footed. Head distinct Jrom the trunk, and divided into two parts ; and the Sore part bears the antenne and the moveable eyes ; mandibles bearing palpi.

The gills are plume-like.

Example. Crawfish.

3. Ampuipopia, fcet all the length of the body. Head distinet fiom the body, being one piece only ; eyes immovable ; maniibles bearing palpt.

The gills or respiratory organs are vesicles si- fuated at the interior base of the feet.

Example. Gammarus.

4. Isovopia, equal footed. Head generally dis- tinet from the trunk ; mouth. composed of several jaws ; maniibles without palpi, but the two lower jaws resemble a lip bearing two palpi.

_ Gills cr respiratory organs generally situated on the under side of the trunk. ;

Examples. COniscus, sowbug.

5. Brancuteopes, gills or respirable organs on the fin-like feet. Mouth is sometimes in the form of a beak, other times composed of many jaws : no palpi.

Examples. Limulus, cecrops, cyclops.

VIT. CLASS ARACHNIDA 18 DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS,

4. Putmonanta, having pulmonary or respira- tory sacks. ,

Examples. Aranea or proper spider, mygale, tarantula, scorpion. | Are

2. Tracuenta, respiratory organs are trachee or radiated and branched tubes.

ORDERS. 47

Examples. Galeodes, shepherd or phalangita, mite er acorus.

Vill. CLASS INSECTA IS DIVIDED INTO TWELVE ORDERS.

14. Mvyriaropia, many-footed. Wingless.

The number of their feet above six, disposed along the whole extent of the body upon a succes- sion of rings, one or two pair to each ring; the first and sometimes the second make part of the mouth.

Examples. Julus or round centipede, poly- desmus, scolopendra or flat centipede.

2. Tuysanoura, fringed. Wangless.

They walk upon but six feet; but they have other particular organs of movement along the sides or at tie extremity of the body, giving it somewhat the appearance of being fringed or be- set with bristles.

Examples. Lepisma, podura.

8. Parasiva, parasttes, crawling upon other an- wmals. Wingless.

They have two smooth eyes: a snout enclosing a retractile sucker.

Examples. Pe:liculus or louse, ricinus or bird louse.

4. SutTortia, suckers. Wingless. The beak consists ofa sucker enclosed in a cylindric sheath of two articulated pieces

Example. Pulex or flea.

5. CoLteorTera, sheath-winged. Having four wings ; the outer puir (called elytra) beng crusta- ceous eases, and the inner pair folded transversely.

ORDERS.

They are the most numerous and best known of allinsects. ‘They are easily preserved, and make a beautiful appearance in cases under glass.

Examples. Cicindela, carabus, dytiscus, gyri- nus, elater or taupin (the snap-bug) ptinus, hister, silpha, dermestes, (leather-chaffer) hydrophilus, (diver) scarabeus, (beetle) lytta, (blistering fly) cerambyx, (goat-chaffer) coccinella, (lady-bird.)

6. ORTHOPTERA, stratt-winged. Having four wings ; the outer pair being generally coriaceous, and the inner patr platted longitudinaily.

Their mandibles and jaws formed for mastica- tion. "They are all dry-land insects.

Examples. Forficula, (ear-wig) blatta, (cock- roach) mantis, (soothsayer) phasma, (spectre) phyllum, (walking-leaf) gryllus, (grass-hopper jocust.)

7. Hemiptera, halfwinged. Having four wings ; the upper part of the outer pair generally crustaceous, and the lower part membranaceous, and almost always crossing each other.

They have no jaws, but a sucking beak.

Examples. Cimex, (bug) nepa, (water-scor- pion) notonecta, (boat-fly) fulgora, (fire-ily) thrips, _ aphis, (plant-louse) coccus, (cochineal. )

8. Nreuroprera, nerve-winged. Having four naked membranaceous wings, finely reticulated ; the inner pair as large as the outer, or larger one way.

Their mandibles and jaws are formed for mas- fication. Outer and inner wings alike. |

Examples. Ephemera, (day-fly) panorpa, (scorpion-fly) myrmeleon, (lion-ant) hemerobius, (golden eye) raphidia, termes, (ticking insect) phryganea, (cadow-ily.)

ORDERS. 49

9, Hymenorrera, membrane-winged. Having four naked membranaceous wings ; the inner or pos- terior pair smaller than the others.

Their mandibles and jaws are formed for mas- iication. Outer wings less nerved than those of the neuroptera. A large order.

Examples. ‘Tenthredo, (saw-fly) cymbex, urocerata, (tailed-wasp) ichneumon, sphex, (soli- tary wasp) cynips, (gall-fly) chrysis, (golden wasp) formica, (ant) vespa, (wasp) apis, (bee) li- bellula. 3

40. Lepipoprera, scaly-winged. Having four membranaceous wings covered with small scales re- sembling dust.

They have a double coiled hollow tongue sub- stituted for jaws. An elegant and extensive or- der. .

Examples. Papilio, (butterfly) sphinx, (hawk- miller) phalena, (candle-miller. )

14. Ruiprera, thrust-winged. Having two membranaceous wings plaited into a fan, with two small elytra-like or crustaceotis moveable bodies near the origin of the membranaceous wings at the poste- _ ror part of the corset. : my

They have two simple jaws in the form of bris- tles, with two palpi. These rare insects live be- tween the scales on the bedies of some insects of the order of Hemiptera. piel, Race

Examples. Xenos, stylops.

12. Diptera, two-winged. Having two wings, mostly with poisers, being two moveable bodies, un- der them. | eons

The wings are membranaceous. They have no Jaws, but have bristle-form suckers.

5

50 ORDERS.

_ Examples. ‘Tipula, (crane-fly) culex, (gnat) asilus, (hornet-fly) empis, bombilius, musca, (house-fly) tabanus, (great horse-fly) conops, cs- irus, (gad-fly) hippobosca, (common horse-fly.}

IX. CLASS MOLLUSCA

. IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR ORDERS.

4. Nupata, destitute of a shell. Examples. Slug or naked snail, cuttle-fish. 2. Muxtivatva, having shells with more than two valves. Examples. Barnacles, acorn-shells. 8. Bivatyva, having shells with two valves. Kxamples. Clams, oysters, scollops. 4, Univauva, having shells with single valves. Examples. Snails, conk-shells. :

xX. CLASS ECHINODERMA

IS DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS.

4, PepicELLA, having stem-like organs, which are applied by the animals for the purpose of toco- motion. :

Examples. Asterias, (star-tish} echinus, (sea- hedgehog) holothuria.

2. ApoDaA, having no organs for locomotion.

_ Examples. Siponculus, molpadia, minyas.

XL CLASS INTESTINA

IS DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS.

4. Caviroria, having internal cavities and a mouth. |

ORDERS. 51

Examples. Ascaris, strongylus, lernza, (gill- ‘Worms. )

2. ParencuyMaTa, destitute of internal cavi- ties and of mouths ; having pores for imbibing nu- friment.

Examples. Fasciola (fluke) planaria, tenia, (tape-worm) scolex, ligula.

XT. CLASS ACALEPHA IS DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS.

i. Arrixata, fiwed at their bases, at pleasure, though not often moving far. Examples. Actinia (sea-anemone,) lucernaria.

2. LiperaTa, not fived ; but swimming or float- ing from place to place. ‘Examples. Medusa (sea-nettle) beres, cestrum.

XII. CLASS POLYPI _ IS DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS.

me Nupata, naked polyp. Examples. Hydra, (brachial nalypaes vorti- cella (flower polypus. )

2. Potyverra, stone-cased polypi.

Examples. ‘Tubipora (tubipore coral,) sertu- laria (sea-moss,) flustra (sea-mat,) cellepora, (cel- lepore coral,) corallina (coralline,) antipathos (sea- fan,) isis (jointed coral,) madrepora (madrepore coral,) millepora (many-pored coral,) retepora (net-mesh coral,) pennatula (sea-pen,) alcyonium (fungus coral,) bie (sponge. )

aoe @RDERS.

XIV. CLASS INFUSORIA IS DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS.

1. Rorirera, roundish or oval and having «

qouth and limbs. Examples. ‘Tricheda, brachionus, vorticella.

2. Homocgenta, having neither mouth nor

fimbs, nor any viscera. Examples. Cerearia, vibrio, monas,, volyox.

cate +) a

CLASS I. MAMMALIA.

ficmarks, his class is not entirely depen- dant on instinct ; for every animal of this class possesses fachities Which enable it to accommo: date its views to. necessitous or restricted circum- stances. ‘Their lungs are divided into two lobes; and their trunks are. divided transversely by a diaphragm. ‘The part above the diaphragm con- tains the heart and lungs; the part below contains the stomach and all that part of the alimentary canal, which is below the upper opening into the stomac h. gre

The animals of this class have the most com- plicated structure and the most delicate sensa- tions ; consequently are subject to the greatest variety of disease. "Their desires are multifari- ous ;. and while seeking their gratification, they bring into eperation and greatly perfect all their various functions. ‘Their brains are larger than those of other classes which have brains; and a slight derangement of the brain, dee iome: life.

THE CLASS. MAMMALIA 1s DrvIDED- INTO: EIGHT ORDERS a te

ORDER 1. BIMANEL

Having two hands and cuspidate teeth. ree. ing on animal and. vegetable substances. . os Rouge

Homo, (man) body erect, and sustained upon two feet ;. face nearly vertical, or: forming 7 an an- sle of more than seventy degrees with the basis of the cranium..

eR

54 CLASS<. ORDER It. & IIT.

ORDER 2. QUADRUMANI. A ving four’ hands and cuspidate teeth.

Sin A, (ape, monkey, ourans- -outang,) front teeth four in each j jaw, placed near together 5 ca- nine teeth solitary, longer than the ethene, dis- tant from the remaining teeth or grinders ; grind- ers obtuse.

Lemur, (macauco ape,) front teeth in the upper jaw four, intermediate ones remote : in the lower jaw six, longer, stretched forward, compressed, parallel, approximated ; canine teeth solitary, ap- proximated ; grinders several, somewhat lobed, the foremost somewhat longer ‘and sl harper.

Remarks. This order of animals appreaches the first order in some particulars. But they are decidedly quadrupeds; as they always walk upon four legs. They have four hands, though they walk upon t them. “For the thumb is always plac- ed opposite to the other fingers, as in the human hand—never parallel to them like the first toe of a foot.

The brain differs widely from the human brain. ‘The cerebr rum is divided on each side into three ‘lobes, whe re: 1s the buman brain consists of one

tohe only wi side. 3

ORDER 3. CS

: stances. ee

Sec. A. eee Lfootell animals.

4 Vesperri.io, (bat, -flying- mouse,) teeth erect, sharp-pointed, approximated, hands palmated

CLASS I. ORDER It. 5S

with a membrane surrounding the body, giving the animal the power of flying.

GALEOPITHECUS, (fiying-cat,) front teeth in the upper Jaw none ; in the lower one 6, short, broad, distinct, pectinated ; canine teeth very short, tri- angular, broad, sharp, serrated ; grinders 4, tran- cated and muricated, with conical protuberances 3 flying skin surrounding the body, limbs, and tail.

Sec. B. Insect-eaters, issuing out in the night in search of food 3; walk slow.

Erinaceus, (hedge-hog,) front teeth 2, both above and below ; those of the upper jaw distant s of the lower approximated 3 canine teeth on each side, in the upper jaw 5, in the lower 3 ; grinders on each side 4, both above and below; body coy- ered on the upper part with spines.

SOREX, (shrew-mouse,) front teeth in the up- per jaw 2, long and bifid ; in the lower 2 or 4, the intermediate ones shorter; canine teeth several on each side 5 grinders cuspidate.

Tawra, (mole,) front teeth in the upper jaw 6, unequal; in the lower jaw 8, canine teeth one on each side, the upper ones largest; grinders 7 in ihe upper jaw, 6 in the lower.

See. C. Proper flesh-eaters.

Ursus, (bear, badger, raccoon,) front teeth 6, above and below, the two lateral ones of the low- er jaw longer than the rest and lobed, with smal- ler or secondary teeth at their internal bases ; ca- nine teeth solitary ; grinders 5 or 6 on each side, the first approximating to the canine; tongue smooth ; snout prominent ; eyes furnished with a nictitating membrane.

59 - €LASS i. ORDER II,

Lurra, (otter,) incisors 6, sharpish ; canine teeth longer ; feet webbed.

Canis, (dog, wolf, fox, hyena,) incisors in up- per jaw 63 latteral ones longer, distant; inter- mediate lobated ; in lower jaw 63; lateral ones lobated; canine teeth solitary, incurved : grinders 6 or 7, (or more than the other genera of this order. ).

Viverra, (weesel, skunk, civit,) incisors 6, sharpish ; canine teeth longer; tongue in some smooth, in others aculeate backwards ; body ofa lengthened form.

Fenis, (cat, lion, tiger, panther, lynx,) front teeth 6; intermediate ones equal 5 Sesoee three on each side ; tongue aculeated backw ards; claws retractile. |

Sec. D. Amphibious carnivorous animals, |

Puoca, (seal,) fore-teeth in the upper jaw 6, pointed, parallel ; exterior larger; in lower Jaw 4, bluntish, parallel, distinct, equal ; ; canine teeth, one on each side, in both jaws, large, pointed ; upper ones distinct from the incisors, the lower ones distinct from the grinders ; grinders 5 on each side above, 6 below, obtusely tricuspidate.

TRICHECHUS, (morse, sea-cow, sea-horse, wal- rus,) fore teeth (in the full grown animal) none, el- ther above or below ; tusks solitary in the upper jaws grimders. with wrinkled surfaces ; ; lips dou- bled ; hind feet at the extremity of the ald ‘unit ing into a fin.

Sec. E.. Pouched carnivorous animals.

Dive puis, (oppossum,) front teeth small, round: ed; superior 10, the two middle ones longer ;

CLASS i ORDER Ly. 57

inferior 8, the two middle ones broader and very short; canine teeth long ; grinders denticulated $ tongue ciliated with papilla ; teats (in most spe- cies) contained in an abdominal pouch.

Macrovus, (kangureo,) front teeth in upper jaw 6, (in young ones 8,) emarginated ; in lower jaws 2, very large, long, sharp, and pointed for- ward ; grinders. 5 on each side, both in upper and lower jaw, distant from the other teeth ; fore legs very short; hind legs very long; the female haying an abdominal pouch.

ORDER 4. ARROSORES.

Having incisors tn beth jaws and no euspidate s Z P teeth ; toes with nails ; feeding almost wholly on vegetable substances. They are the proper gnaw- ers.

Castor, (beaver,) incisors in the upper jaw iruncated and excavated with a transverse angle ; in the lower jaw transverse at the tips ; grinders on each side 43 tail long, depressed and scaly ; has collar Lidiies.

Mus, (rat, mouse,) upper incisors wedge-form ; _ grinders 3 on each side, rarely 25; having collar bones.

Myoxus, (dormouse,) incisors 2, upper wedge- form, lower ee. aes grinders 4 in each jaw; vibrissz long ; tail cylindric, villose, thicker to- wards the end ; legs of equal ALS 4 toes to each fore foot.

Divus, (long-foot mouse,) incisors 2 above oe 2 below ; fore legs very short, hind legs very long having collar bones.

Arcromys, (rat-bear,) incisors.2 in each jaw, strong, sharp, wedge-form 3 grinders in upper jaw

58 CLASS T. ORDER V.

5 on each side; in lower jaw 4: having collar bones. |

Sciurus, (squirrel,) incisors in upper jaw wedge-form, in lower jaw sharp; grinders 5 on each side in upper Jaw, 4 in lower jaw; having collar bones ; tail spreading towards each side in most species. :

Hysrrix, (porcupine,) incisors 2, both in up- per and under jaw, obliquely cut; grinders 8; body covered with spines intermixed with hair ; 4 toes to each fore foot, 5 to each hind foot.

Lervs, (hare, rabbit,) incisors 2 above and 2 below, the upper pair duplicate; two small in- terlor ones standing behind the exterior.

Cavia, (guinea-pig, india-pig,) incisors 2, wedge-form; grinders 8; toes 4 or 5 to each fore foot, to each hind foot 3 to 53 tail none or very short ; collar bones, nene.

ORDER 5. EDENTATA.

Having no incisors, and having hoof-like nails.

Braviews, (sloth,) cutting teeth none in either jaws; canine teeth obtuse, single, longer than the grinders placed opposite; grinders 5 on each side, . obtuse ; fore legs mach longer than the hind ones ; claws very long.

Mercarueniom, (extinct genus,) teeth ilat-top- ped; forelegs equal in length to both head and neck ; claws long. Intermediate in character be- tween Bradypus and Dasypus.

Dasyrvs, (armadillo,) grinders several, without either the cutting or canine teeth 5; body coated with a shelly armour, divided into zones.

Myrmecopuaca, (ant-eater,) teeth none; tongue cylindric, extensile ; mouth lengthened into some- what tubular form ; body covered with hair,

CLASS I. ORDER Vie

Manis, (scaly hizard, pangolin,) teeth none: tongue cylindric and extensile ; mouth narrowed into a snout; body covered with scales.

Puatrypus, (duck-mouth,) mouth shaped like the bill of a duck ; feet webbed.

ORDER 6. PACHYDERMA. Having hoofs and no clavicle ; skin very thick.

Everuas, (clephant,) cutting teeth none in ei- iher jaw ; tusks in the upper jaw; grinders com- posed of vertical plates of a bony substance ; pro- bocis very long, prehensile 5 body nearly naked.

Mastopon, (extinct animal,) grinders have a bristly crown, or a sort of gum, with thick conic points. Other tecth mostly like those of the ele- phant.

HyproporTamus, (river horse, ) incisors 4 in each

jaw, above distant in pairs, below prominent and the two middle ones longest; canines solitary ; below extremely large, long, curved, and oblique- jy truncated ; feet armed at the margin with each A hoofs. Sus, (swine,) incisors above 4, converging ; be- _ low 6, projecting ; canines below 2, long exsert : above 2, shorter ; snout truncated, preminent, moveable ; feet cleven.

ANOPLOTHERIUM, (extinct animal,) incisors 6 in each jaw ; four canine teeth resembling the incis- ors: twenty-eight grinders forming a. continued series, like those of the human teeth, Feet ter- minate in cloven hoofs. ‘This animal must have borne considerable resemblance to animals of the order Ruminantes.

“Ruryoceros, (rhinoceros,) one or two horns, solid, perennial, conical, seated on the nose, and

60 CLASS I. ORDER VII.

srowing from the skin; feet terminate in three toes.

Hyrax, (cape-badger, lamb of Taikel) 4 incisors above two, broad, somewhat distant ; below 4, broad, flat, doubly notched ; grinders large, 4 on each side of each jaw ; 4 toes to each fore foot, 8 to each hind foot ; nih none ; collar bones none.

PaLnorHenivm, (extinct animal) incisors six, and canine teeth two in each jaw; feet terminate in three toes ; trunk, or proboscis, must have been short and fleshy.

Tarir, (tapir,) incisors 10 above and below? canines single, and incurvated ; grinders 5 on each side, very broad ; 3 hoofs to each foot, with a false one on the fore foot.

Eauus, (horse, zebra,) incisors above 6, paral- jel, below 6, somewhat projecting ; canines 1 on each side above and below, remote from the rest : hoofs undivided.

ORDER VII. RUMINANTES.

Incisors below only ; feet with cloven hoofs ; animals chew the cud.

Came us, (camel, dromedary,) horus none: in-— cisors below 6, somewhat thin and broad ; ca- nines 3 above, 2 below, distant; upper lip di- vided.

Moscuus, (musk,) horns none ; incisors below 8; tusks in the upper jaw exsert, solitary.

Cervus, (deer, stag, elk, moose,) horns solid, (covered while young with a hairy skin growing from the top) naked, annual, branched ; incisors below 8; canines none (sometimes a single one) in the upper jaw.

CLASS I. ORDER VIII. §i

@AMELOPARDALIS, (giraffe,) horns permanent, bony, covered with bristly skin ; incisors below 8; the exterior one on each side deeply bilobate.

ANTELOPE, (antelope,) horns hollow, seated on a bony core, growing upwards, annulated or wreathed, permanent ; incisors below 8, canines none. 3

Capra, (goat, ibex,) horns hollow, turning up- wards and backwards, compressed, rough, al- most closed at their base ; incisors below 8, ca- nines none ; chin bearded in the male.

Ovis, {sheep,) horns hollow, wrinkled turning backwards and spirally intorted ; incisors 8, be- low ; canines none.

Bos, (ox, bison, buffalo,) horns concave, turned. outwards, lunated, smooth; incisors 8, below: canines none. 3

ORDER Vili. CETE.

Aquatic animals, without hind feet ; fore feet degenerated into fin-like limbs.

Devruines, (dolphin, porpoise,) teeth in both jaws ; spiracle on the head. | :

Monopon, (narwhal,) tooth projecting from the upper jaw, very long, strait, spiral ; spiracle on the head.

PuyseTer, (cachelot,) teeth visible in the lower jaw only ; spiracle on the head or snout.

BaLaena, («hale,) horny lamine in the upper jaw in place of teeth ; spiracle with a double ex- ternal orifice on the top of the head.

fig 88.)

CLASS II. AVES.

Remarks. Animals of this class do not have their lungs divided into lobes—the whole being in a single mass. Neither are their lungs ventilated by their own contractions and dilatations. Air is made to pass through them by the action of other organs. It is admitted to the blood by an infinite number of vessels from the axils of the wings and various other parts of the body.

Their forms are adapted to their peculiar cir- cumstances ; they being the only animals of this grand division which travel in the atmosphere. The muscles of the breast are very large and strong, giving great force to their wings. Their covering of feathers, being non-conductors of elec- tric fluid, secures them in some measure against its frequent discharges in the form of lightning in the upper regions ; and more especially when sit- ting upon their nests, on high trees. |

Their rapid passage through different regions of the air, and its perpetual action upon them, af- ford them the means of progunosticating the varia- _ tions of the atmosphere by a method totally un- known to us.

| Tue cLuass AVES Is DIVIDED INTO SIX ORDERS. ORDER I. ACCIPITRES.

Having strong hooked beaks and claws ; toes 4; the thumb toe, and inner one of the other three, are larger. Birds of prey.

Vuxrour, (vulture,) bill straight, hooked at the tip, and covered at the base by a cere or skin ;

CLASS II. ORDER II. 63

head, in most species, bare of feathers, and cover- ed in front by a naked skin; tongue fleshy and generally bifid ; neck retractile ; feet strong with moderately crooked claws.

Fatco, (hawk, buzzard, kite, eagle,) beak hooked, furnished at the base with a cere; head well covered with feathers ; tongue, in met pS cies, bifid.

SERPENTARIUS, (snake-eater,) beak vulturine : tongue pointed : legs very long.

STR1x, (owl,) bill hooked, ‘without cere ; ; nos- trils oblong, covered with recumbent setaceous feathers ; head, eyes, and ears, large; tongue bifid ; exterior toe moveable backward and for- ward.

ORDER II. PASSERES.

Including all birds, which are not swimmers, waders, runners, climbers, birds of prey, or of the gallinaceous kind. They are all of the sparrow- hike family.

Section A. Bills indented.

Lanuus, (shrike, butcher-bird,) bill straightish, with a tooth or small process on each side near the tip; tongue Jagged ; outside toe connected to the middle one, as far as the first joint.

Tanacra, (tanager,) bill conic, pointed, notch- ed, almost triangular at the base, a little inclining at the tip.

Muscicaea, (fiy-catcher, cat-bird,) bill nearly triangular, notched each side, bent in at the tip, and beset with bristles at the root ; toes (mostly) divided to their origin.

AmpPE is, (chatterer,) bill straight, convex 5; each mandible notched ; nostrils covered with

of CLASS II. ORDER If.

bristles ; tongue sharp, cartilagenous, bifid ; mid- dle toe connected at the base to the outermost.

‘Turnus, (thrush,) bill straitish, the upper man- dible a little bending and notched near the point ; nostrils naked, or half covered with a small mem- brane; mouth ciliate with a few bristles at the corners ; tongue jagged. |

Oreo.us, (oriole, fire-bird, red-robin,) bill co- nical, convex, very sharp-peinted, strait ; upper mandible a trifle longer than ‘the lower one, and obscurely emarginated ; tongue bifid, sharp ; feet formed for walking.

GracuLa, (grakle, black-bird,) bill convex, thick, somewhat compressed on the sides, coulter- form ; nostrils small, near the base of the bill, of- ten near the edge ; tongue entire, rather sharp- pointed, fleshy ; feet formed for walking; middle toe connected te the cutmost tee at the base.

Pipra, (manakin,) bill shorter than the head, strong, hard, neariy triangular at the base, and slightly incurved at the tip; nostrils naked; feet sressoral ; tail short.

Moracitua, (wren, warbler, sparrow, robbin,) bill subulate, strait; mandibles nearly equal : nosirils obovate ; tongue lacerate at the end.

Section B. Fills deeply separated, short, flat hooked, without notches.

Hirvunvo. (swallow, martin,) bill small, weak, curved, subulate, depressed at the base; gape larger than the head ; tongue short, broad, cleft ; wings long; tail mostly forked.

Caprimuceus, (geat-sucker, night-hawk, whip- poor-will,) bill slightly curved, very small, subu- tate, and depressed at the base ; mouth extremely

CLASS IIe ORDER Iv. 65

wide and furnished at the sides with a series of bristles ; ears very large ; tongue pointed, entire ;: tail not forked, feathers 10; legs short; middle claw with a broad serrate edge.

Section ©. Bills strong, conic, without notches.

Avauna, (lark,) bill cylindrical, subulate, strait; the mandibles equal and a little gaping at the base ; tongue bifid ; hind-claw strait, longer than the toe.

Parus, (titmouse,) bill very entire, narrow, subcompressed, strong, hard, pointed, and cover- ed at the base with bristles ; tongue truncate, bristly at the end ; toes divided to the origin, the hind one large and strong.

Emperiza, (bunting, ) bill conic ; ; mandibles re- ceding from each other from the base downwards,. the lower with the sides narrowed i in; the upper with a hard knob within.

Frincitua, (finch, sparrow, linnet,) bill conic, strait, pointed.

Puyroroma, (squaller,) bill conic, strait, se- rate ; nostrils oval; tongue short, obtuse ; feet four-toed.

_ Loxta, (grosbeak, goldfinch, crossbill,) bill streng, thick, convex, rounded at the base ; low-

er mandible bent in at the edge; nostrils small,

round at the base of the bill; tongue truncate.

Coius, (coby,) bill short, thick, convex aboves. flat beneath; upper mandible bent down at the tip ; nostrils small at the base of the bill and near- ly covered with feathers 5; tongue jagged at the: tip ; tail long, wedge-form.

Guaucoris, (wattle-bird,) bill incurvated, arch- ed, the lower mandible wattled beneath ‘at the: base 3 - nostrils depressed, half covered by a sub-

*6

66 CLASS It. ORDER If.

carlilagenous membrane : tongue semi-cartilage- nous, notched and ciliated at the tip ; feet formed for walking ; three toes before and one behind.

Burnaea, (beef-eater,) bill strait quadrangular ; mandibles gibbose, entire, more gibbose on the outside ; legs formed for walking.

Strurnus, (starling,) bill subulate,. angular, de- pressed, bluntish ; the upper mandible entire, somewhat open at the edges ; nostrils surrounded with a prominent rim; tongue notched, pointed.

Sirra, (nut-cracker, nut-hatch,) bill straight, wedged at the top, subulate, roundish, entire ; up- per mandible a little longer, compressed and an- gular at the tip ; tongue jagged, short, horny af fip 3 ; nostrils small, ‘covered. with bristles ; 5 feet formed for walking, hind toe long.

Corvus, Coram, taven, jay, magpie, jackdaw,) bill convex, strong, coulter-form, and (in most spe- cies) toothed or moiched near the tip; nostrils covered by recumbent bristly feathers; tongue cartilaginous, bifid ; feet formed for walking.

Coracias, (roller,) bill nearly straight, bending alittle towards the end, cultrated at the edges ; nos- trils narrow, naked ; tongue cartilaginous, bifid : legs generally short; toes divided to their origin, three forward and one backward.

Panavise, (paradise bird,) bill covered at the base by velvet-like plumes; side-feathers beneath the wings (in most species} extending far beyond the rest of the plumage ; legs strong; feet formed for walking.

CLASS 11. ORDER It. 67

Section D. Bills slender, long, more or less arch- ed and witheut notches.

Urpvupa, (hoopoe, messenger-bird,) bill arched, long, slender, convex, a littte compressed, some- what obtuse; nostrils at the base of the bill, small; tongue obtuse, entire, triangular, very short ; feet formed for walking.

Cerruta, (creeper,) bill arched, slender, some- what triangular, pointed; tongue various, gener- ally pointed ; feet formed for walking.

Trocuivus, (humming-bird,) bill subulate fili- form, tubular at the tip, longer than the head; upper mandible sheating the lower ; tongue filiform, the two threads coalescing, tubular ; feet formed for walking.

Section E. Equal toes, or the outer toe about as long as the middle one.

Menrops, (bee-eater,) bill curved, quadrangular, compressed, carinate, pointed ; nostrils small at _ the base of the bill ; tongue slender, tip (general- ly) jagged ; feet gressoral.

Momorvs, (motmot,) bill strong, slightly curv- ed, serrate at the edges ; nostrils feathered ; tongue feathered ; tail wedged ; feet gressoral.

Aucepo, (king-fisher,) bill triangular, thick, strait, long, peinted 5 tongue fleshy, very short, flat, pointed ; feet (ia most) gressoral.

Topus, (tody,) bill subulate, depressed, obtuse, straight, covered at the base with bristles ; nos- . trils oval, small; feet gresseral.

Buceros, (hornbill,) bill convex, curved, sharp- edged, large, serrate outwardly, with a horny pro- tuberance on the upper mandible near the base 3.

68 CLASS Ile ORDER III.

nostrils behind the base of the bill ; tongue shori,. sharp-pointed ; feet gressoral.

ORDER 3. SCANSORES.

Having the outer toe and thumb-toe directed backwards, for climbing the trunks of trees.

GaLBu_a, (golden thrush,) bill straight, very jong, quadrangular, pointed ; nostrils oval, at the base of the bill; tongue short, sharp-pointed : thighs downy on the fore part; feet climbers.

Picus, (wood-pecker,) bill angular, straight. wedge-form at the tip 3 nostrils covered with re- cumbent setaceous feathers ; tongue round, worm- form, very long, bony, missile, daggered, beset ai the point with bristles bent back ; tail feathers ten, hard, rigid, pointed ; feet climbers.

Yunx, (wry-neck,) bill smoothish, pointed, a little incurved, weak ; nostrils concave, naked ; tongue very lung, smooth, worm-form, armed at the point ; tail feathers 10, flexible ; feet climbers.

Cucu us, (cuckoo,) bill smooth, a little curved : nostrils surrounded by a small rim 3 tongue ar- rowed, short, pointed ; feet formed for climbing.

Scyrurops, (channel bird,) bill large, convex, sharp-edged, channelled at the sides, hooked at the point ; nostrils naked, rounded at the base of the bill; tongue cartilagenous, split at the point ; feet climbers. :

Bucco, (barbet,) bill sharp-edged, laterally compressed, notched each: side near the tip, bent . inwards and a long split beneath the eyes; nos- trils covered with incumbent feathers ; feet form- ed for climbing. |

GLASS II. ORDER IV. 69

'Trocon, (curuke,) bill shorter than the head, sharp edged, hooked, the mandibles serrate at the edge ; feet formed for climbing.

Crotoruaea, (giant blackbird,) bill compress- ed, semioval, arched, carinate on the back ; up- per mandibles angular at each edge; nostrils pere vious. |

Ruampuasrtos, (toucan,) bill enormous, empty, convex, serrate at the edges; each mandible in- curvate at the tip; behind the base of the bill, long, narrow ; tongue feathered at the edges ; feet mostly climbers. |

Psirracus, (parrot,) bill hooked, upper mandi- ble moveable, (mostly) covered with a cere ; nos- trils rounded, placed in the base of the bill; tongue fleshy, obtuse, entire ; feet formed for climbing.

ORDER 4. GALLINACES.

Having the forward tees united partially at the. base, and jagged along their edges. Hen-like birds. |

Pavo, (peacock,) bill convex, robust; head covered with revolute feathers; nostrils large ; feathers of the rump long, broad, expansile and covered with eye-form spots.

Meveaeris, (turkey,) bill conic, incurvate ; head covered with spongy caruncles ; chin with a longitudinal membranous caruncle ; tail broad, expansile ; legs spurred.

Crax, (carassow, peruvian hen,) bill strong, thick, the base of each mandible covered with a cere; nostrils in the middle of the cere; feathers covering the head, revolute ; tail large, straight, expansile, :

70 CLASS II. ORDER V.

PENELOPE, (jacu-tarkey,) bill naked at the base ; head covered with feathers; chin naked; tail with 12 feathers ; legs without spurs.

Puasianus, (hen, pheasant,) bill short, strong ; cheeks covered with a smooth naked skin; legs generally with spurs. 3 |

Numip1a, (guinea-hen,) bill strong, short; the base covered with a carunculate cere receiving the nostrils ; head horned, with a compressed, colour- ed callus ; tail short, bending down; body speck- led.

Terrao, (partridge, quail, grous,) near the eyes aspot which is either naked, papillose or (very rarely) covered with feathers. :

Co_umsa, (pigeon, dove, turtle-dove,) bill straight, descending towards the tip ; nostrils eb- tong, half covered with a soft timid membrane.

ORDER 5. GRALLATORES.

Having the two outer toes partially united. Long-legged walking birds.

Section A. Short-rwinged.

STRUTHIO, (ostrich, cassowary,) bill subconic ; nostrils eval ; wings short, unfit for flight; feet formed for running.

Dinus, (dodo,) bill narrowed in the middle, with two transverse wrinkles; each mandible bent in at the tip ; nostrils oblique, near the edge of the middle of the bill; face naked beyond the eyes; legs short; feet cleft; wings unfit for flight; tail none.

CLASS II. ORDER Y. ii

Section B. Compressed bill.

Oris, (bustard,) bill subconvex ; nostrils oval, pervious ; tongue bifid, pointed ; feet formed for running, three ioed, tall, naked above the thighs.

CuHararprivs, (plover, snipe,) bill roundish, obtuse, straight; nostrils linear; fect formed for running ; three toed.

TrinGa, (sand-piper,) bill roundish, as long as the head; nostrils small, linear ; tongue slender; feet four-toed ; the hind toe of one joint, and rais- ed from the ground.

Harmaropus, (oyster catcher,) bill compressed, the tip an equal wedge; nostrils linear ; tongue a third part as long as the bill; feet formed for running ; three toed, cleft.

Section C. Coulter-bill.

Psopuia, (trumpeter,) bill cylindrical, conic, convex, somewhat pointed ; upper mandible lon- ger; nostrils.oval, pervious ; tongue cartilaginous, flat, fringed at the tip ; feet four-toed, cleft.

Cancroma, (boat-bill,) bill gibbose, shaped like an inverted boat ; nostrils small, placed in a fur- ‘vow; tongue small; tees divided.

ArpEA, (heron, crane, stork, bittern,) bill straight, pointed, long, subcompressed, with a far- rew from the nostrils towards the tip ; nostrils li- near; tongue sharp; feet four-toed, cleft, toes connected at the base.

Mycrenia, (Gabiru,) bill a little bending up- wards, sharp-pointed ; upper mandible triangular; front bald ; nostrils linear ; tongue small or none ; feet four-toed, cleft.

Scopus, (umbre,) bill long, thick, compressed,

72 CLASS II. ORDER V.

a little hooked ; nostrils linear, oblique ; feet four- toed, cleft.

er kus. (ibis,) bill long, subulate, roundish, subarched ; face naked; tongue short, broad ; jugular pouch naked ; nostrils ov al ; feet four- toed, pulminate at the base.

PLATALEA, (spoon-bill,) bill long, thin, the tip dilated, orbicular, flat ; nostrils RAE Te at the base of the bill ; tongue short, pointed ; fort-four toed, semi-palmate.

Cornrira, (racer,) bill short, straight, without teeth ; thighs longer than the body ; feet four- toed, palmate, the hind toe not connected.

Section D. Long-bill.

ScoLopax, (snipe, woodcock, curlew,) bili roundish, obtuse, longer than the head ; nostrils linear ; face covered ; feet four-toed, hind toe consisting of many joints.

Recurvirostra, (yelper, scooper, avoucet,) bill depresscd, subulate, recurved, pointed, flexible at the tip ; feet palmate, four-toed, the hind toe not connected, very short and placed high up ; nos- irils narrow, pervious ; tongue anh

Section EK. Long-tced.

Parra, (Gacana,) bill tapering, somewhat ob- iuse ; nostrils oval, in the middle of the bill; front covered with lobate caruncles ; wings spinose.

‘Vaeinatis, (sheath-bill,) pill strong, thick, co- nic-convex, upper mandible covered above with a moveable horny sheath ; nostrils small, before the sheath ; face naked, papillose ; ; legs steané g, four- toed, naked above the knees ; ; claws grooved.

CLASS IY. ORDER VI. Pass

PALAMEDEA, (screamer,) bill conic ; upper man- dible hooked ; nostrils oval ; feet fonr-teed, cleft, a very small membrane connecting the toes at the root.

Ratuus, (rail, crake, water-hen,) bill thickish at the base, attenuated on the back towards the tip, compressed, a little incurved, pointed ; tongue rough at the tip; bedy compressed ; tail short; feet four-toed, cleft.

Fuuica, (coot, rain-hen, gallinule.) bill convex, upper mandible arched over the lower at the edge, lower gibbose near the tip; nostrils oblong ; front bald ; feet four-toed, subpinnate.

GLAREOLA, (sea-swallew,) bill strong, short, strait, hooked at the tip; nostrils at the base of the bill, linear, oblique; gape of the mouth large ; feet four-teed ; toes long, slender, connected at the hase by a membrane ; tail forked, consisting of 12 feathers.

PuoEntcorrerus, (iiamingo,) bill naked, tooth- ed, bentas if broken ; nostrils linear ; feet four- toed, palmate, the membranes semicircular on the fore part ; hind toe not connected.

ORDER 6. ANSERES.

Having palmate feet, with toes connected by membranes in most cases ; formed for swimming.

Section A. Divers, with feet far back ; requiring a position nearly erect for balancing the body.

Co.iymeus, (diver, loon, grebe,) bill toothless, subulate, straight, pointed ; throat toothed ; nostrils linear at the base of the bill; legs fettered,

7

14 CLASS II. ORDER VI.

Auca, (awk,) bill toothless, short, compressed, convex, often transversely furrowed ; lower mandi- bles gibbose near the base ; nostrils linear ; legs mostly three-toed. |

Aprenopyta, (penguin,) bill straight, a little compressed and sharp-edged, upper mandible lon- gitudinally, obliquely grooved, the lower truncate at the tip ; tongue with reflected prickles ; wings fin-form, without quill-feathers ; feet fettered, four-toed.

Section B. Long-winged flying sea birds.

Procevvaria, (petrel,) bill toothless, a little compressed, hooked at the point; mandibles equal ; nostrils cylindrical, tubular, truncate, lying on the base of the bill ; feet palmate ; the back toe point- ing downwards, sessile, sharp, a mere spur.

Diomepea, (albatross, man-o-war bird,) bill straight, upper mandible hooked at the point, low- er truncate ; nostrils oval, wide, prominent, late- ral; tongue very small; feet four-toed, all placed forward.

Larus, (gull, sea-mew,) bill straight, sharp- edged, a little hooked at the tip, and without teeth; lower mandible gibbose below the point ; nostrils linear, broader on the fore part, and placed in the middle of the bill. nes

Srerna, (tern, noddy,) bill subulate, straightish, pointed, a little compressed, without teeth ; nos- trils linear; tongue pointed ; wings very long ; tail mostly forked.

Ruyncuors, (skimmer,) bill straight ; the up-

er mandibles much shorter; the lower truncate at the tip.

~i

on

CLASS II. ORDER VI.

Section C. Feet wholly palmated.

Pe.icanus, (pelican, cormorant, shag, booby, ) dill straight, hooked at the point and furnished with a nail; nostrils an obliterated slit ; face na- kedish ; legs equally balancing the body ; ; all the four toes palmate.

Prortus,(darter,) bill straight, pointed, toothed ; nostrils with a slit near the base; face and chin naked ; legs short; all the toes connected.

PH#ToN, (tropic bird,) bill sharp-edged, straight, pointed, the gape of the mouth reaching: heyond ; nostrils oblong; hind tee turned for. ward.

Anas, (goose, duck, swan, ical,) bill convex, obtuse, the edges divided into lamellate teeth, tongue fringed, obtuse ; three fore-toes connected, hind one solitary.

Mercus, (merganser, goosander, nun,) bill toothed, slender, cylindrical, hooked at the point ; nostrils small, oval, in the middle of the bill : feet four-toed, outer toe longest.

Cee 16. « 9}

CLASS Hil. AMPHIBIA.

Remarks. ‘The blood of animals is rendered warm and capable of exciting nervous action by the process of respiration. Amphibicus ani- mals have their circulatory system so arranged. that but a part of the bleod passes into the lungs ; consequently does not receive the benefit of free vespiration. The necessary deficiency in the warmth and in the exciting power ef the blood. predisposes them toa torpid state. And though some of them move with rapidity at times ; they are generally torpid, their digestion slow, their senses dull, and some of them pass the winter in a lethargic state. Even if the head is separated from the body, life is still manifested by muscular action fora long time. Their pulmonary vessels are so small, and respiration so slow, that they may remain long under water without producing any change in the circulation of the blood.

ORDER 1. CHELONTA.

Having a covering consisting of a sheli on the back and on the breast, and waliing or swimming with four feet. Heart with two auricles.

Testuno, (tortoise,) body defended by a bony covering, or coated by a horny, scaly or coriaceous integument ; mouth with a sort of serrate mandi- bles, and not proper teeth ; the upper mandible closing over the lower.

CLASS III. ORDERS It & Ill. V7

ORDER 2. SAURIA.

Having a covering of scales, and walking on two or four feet. Heart with two auricles. 7

Lacerta, (lizard, crocodile, chamelion,) body fouc-footed, elengated, tailed ; without any secon- dary integument.

Draco, (dragon,) body four-footed, tailed, and furnished on each side with an expansile, radiate, wing-like skin.

ORDER 3. OPHIDIA. Having no feet. Heart with two auricles.

Aneuis, (slow-worm,) scales both on the abdo- men, and beneath the tail, AMPHISBAENA, (itch-worm,) body cylindric, equal; annular divisions both on body and tail. _ Boa, (giant snake,) scuta, or undivided plates, both on the abdomen, and beneath the tail. , Co.user, (viper»asp, ring-snake, green-snake, spotted-snake, striped-snake,) scuta, or undivided lamellae under the abdomen ; broad alternate scales, or divided lamina, under the tail. _ Acrocnorpus, (warted-snake,) body and tail completely covered with warts. Hynprus, (water-snake,) body slender in front, gradually thickening, scaled ; tail compressed. Crouraus, (rattle-snake,) scuta on the abdo- men; scuta and squamez beneath the tail ; rattle terminating the tail. Laneaya, (moccasin-snake,) abdominal plates ; caudal rings ; terminal scales. Carciiia, (eel-snake,) body cylindric, equal ; wrinkles on the sides both of the body and tail. *T

te GLASS lil, ORDER IV..

ORDER 4. BATRACHIA.

Having no covering of shells or scales, and jur- nished with two or four feet. Heart with one au- ricle.

Rana, (frog,) body four-footed, tail-less, naked; or with no integument but the skin.

SALAMANDRA,* (salamander, rain-newt, ) body elongated, four-footed, tail long ; head fiat, ears concealed under the skin; 4 toes before, 5 behind.

Proteus, (mud-dragon,) body elongated, four- footed ; tail compressed vertically ; legs short, | three toes on the fore feet and two toes on the hind feet.

Siren, (siren,) body elongated, two-footed be- fore, no feet behind ; feet with five toes.

* These three last genera have the general form of lizards; but they haye single auricles and naked bodies, or nearly naked. .

One ~~} ©

Sw

CLASS IV. PISCES.

Remarks. In this class the process answering to respiration is performed by presenting the blood to the air contained in water by means of the gills. In effect the gills are as lungs exposed inside out. Fish cannot live in water, from which air has been expelled by boiling, until it has been exposed a considerable time tu the atmosphere, or been agi- tated init. ‘They take water into the mouth and compress it upon the gills by the gill-covers ; whereby they bring the air contained in it into close contact with the gills.

Most species of fish have an air-vessel which they can compress and dilate at. pleasure; by which operation they ascend and descend in water without much exertion. Vhey move in water by their fins, w hich they use like oars, or wings. "Those fins\gghich answer to fore feet are called pectoral fint-to bind feet, caudal fins—those on ihe back, dorsal fins—those near the vent, anal’ fins—those of the abdomen, ventral fins. The ribs ‘in the fins.and gills are called rays. These rays _ are thorny, soft, articulated, or branched.

Some fish are migratory like birds ; as the shad. They move in vast numbers from the ocean into fresh water rivers in the spring season, and depos- ite their eggs. Some reside permanently in fresh water, some in salt water, and others seem to live in either indifferently. Those which pass into. fresh water rivers in the spring season, encrease in number in proportion to the extent‘of agricul- tural improvement in the countries through which the rivers run. The shad of the Hudson have en-

80 CLASS IVe ORDER TI.

creased probably from five to ten fold within the last century. Probably the encrease of animal substances, along the river and its tributary branches, which are perpetually washed into it, furnishes an immense addition to the stock of food suited to their natures.

Most fish feed on both animal and vegetable substances. Some species will live many years in a vessel of mere water. Whether they possess the power of decomposing water and forming new compounds fit for food, or whether the water ab- sorbs organized matter from the atmosphere suf- ficient to support them, or on what other principle their lives are prolonged in this situation, is not determined. But the same difficulties present themselves in regard to the leach and numerous other avertebral animals ; excepting that the lat- ter have a less complicated organization.

tral fins none.

AwneuILua, (eel,) head smooth ; nestrils tubu- lar ; eyes covered by the common skin; gill-mem- branes 10-rayed; body roundish, smooth, mu- cous; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins united 5 spi- _racles (breathing holes) behind the head or pecto- Fal fins. °°"

Muraena, (eel, serpent-eel,) body eel-form ; pectoral fins none ; spiracle on each side of the

neck.

* I prefer the orders of Linneus in this class, for reasons given in the preface. Cuvier says the orders of fish are more difficult to define than the orders of any other class of animals.

CLASS IV. ORDER. Si

SYNBRANCHUS, (surinam-eel,) body eel-form ; pectoral fins none; spiracle single, beneath the neck.

SPHAGEBRANCHUS, body eel-form ; pectoral fins none ; spiracles two, beneath the neck.

Monoptrervus, body eel-form ; nosirils placed between the eyes ; fin caudal.

Gymwotus, (electrical-eel,) head with lateral opercula ; tentacula two on the upper lip 3; eyes covered by the common skin; gill-membrane 5- rayed ; body compressed and carinated by a fin beneath. In most species no dorsal fin.

Oruipium, (eel-fish,) head somewhat. naked, teeth in the jaws and palate and throat ; branchi- ostegous membrane 7-rayed, patulous; body en- siform.

Ovontoenatuus, mouth furnished with a strong moveable lamina or process on each side of the upper jaw; gill-membrane 5-rayed.

ComeEruorus, head large, with depressed snout: mouth large, with small teeth ; body elongated, compressed ; the second dorsal fin furnished with several long naked rays.

Triurvs, (tripple-tail,) snout cylindric ; tooth ~ single in each jaw ; fin, dorsal and anal, extend- ed beyond the tail.

AmmopytTes, (launce,) head compressed, nar- rower than the body ; upper lip doubled ; lower jaw narrow, pointed ; teeth small and sharp ; gill- membrane 7-rayed ; body long, roundish, with very small scales ; tail distinct.

LerrocerHA.us, (morris,) head small, narrow : body very thin, compressed ; pectoral fins none.

StTyLepuorvs, (thread-tail,) eyes pedunculated, standing ona short thick cylinder ; snout length-

$2 CLASS IV. ORDER Ii.

ened, directed upwards, retractile towards the head by means of a membrane; mouth without teeth ? branchiz three pair beneath the throat : fins, pectoral small, dorsal the length of the back, caudal short with spiny rays ; body very long, compressed.

Tricuivurvs, (needle-tail,) head stretched for- ward, with lateral gill-covers; teeth ensiform and semisagittate at the tips ; gill-membrane 7-rayed ; body ensiform, compressed, with subulate, finless tail.

Awnarcuicuas, (wolf-fish,) head rather obtuse ; fore-teeth, both above and below, conical, diverg- ent, strong, 6 or more in number ; erinders i in the lower j jaw and palate rounded ; gill-membrane 6- rayed ; body roundish ; tail-fin distinct.

Xipaias, (sword- -fish,) head with the upper yaw terminating in a sword-form snout ; mouth without teeth ; gill-membrane 8-rayed ; body roundish, without scales.

SrromatTeus, (stromat,) head compressed ;: teeth both in jaws and palate; body rhombic- ovate, compressed, lubriceus.

STERNOPTRIX, (amber-fish, ) head obtuse ; mouth. abrupt ; teeth very minute; gill-membrane none ; body compressed, without visible scales ; breast carinate, folded both ways; abdomen pellucid.

ORDER 2. JUGULARES.

Gill-membranes with bony rays ; ventral fins hefore the pectoral.

_ Caxuionymus, (dragonet,) eyes vertical, ap- proximated ; gill-covers shut, with a small aper- ture on each side the neck ; ; gill- -membrane 6-ray: ed; body uaked ; ventral fins very remote..

CLASS IV. ORDER IIt. 83

Urawnoscopvs, (star-gazer,) head large, depres- sed, rough ; mouth furnished with an internal cir- rus 5 gill- covers edged by a ciliated coe der; gill- membrane 5-rayed.

TrACHINUS,(weever, prickle- wack) head slight - ly roughened, compressed ; gill-membrane 6-ray- ed ; gill- covers serrated on the edge ; body com- pressed ; vent situated near the brdast

Ganpus, (cod-fish, haddock,) head smooth ; gill- membrane 7-rayed ; body oblong, cov ered with deciduous scales ; fins all covered by the common skin ; dorsal and anal generally more than one; the rays unarmed ; ventral fins slender, ending in a point.

Buennivs, (blenny, ) head sloping; body length- ened ; sub-compressed, lubricous ; eill- membrane §-rayed ; ventral fins 2, 3 or 4-rayed, unarmed.

3 Konrrvs, body broad, carinated both above and below ; with greatly elevated back : gill-mem- brane 2-rayed.

ORDER 3. THORACIC.

Gill-membranes with bony rays ; ventral-fins _ under the pectoral.

~ Cevoua, (band-fish,) head shares ; teeth curved, sharp; body very long and compressed ; abdo- men extremely short ; gill-membrane six-rayed.

GymMNneTrus, body extremely long, compressed ; teeth numerous, subulate ; gill-membrane four or five-rayed ; anal-fin wanting.

VanpbeEL.Livs, (vandal,) body extremely long, sword-form ; gill-membrane five or six-rayed ; teeth subulate, those in front largest.

Ecuenets, (remora, sucking-fish,) head fur-

84 CLASS IV.» ORDER Iil.

nished above with a flat, ovate, transversely sul- cated shield; gill-membrane six-rayed ; body without scales.

Corypy#na, head sloping suddenly down- wards ; gill-membrane five-rayed ; dorsal-fin the length of the back.

Macrovurvus, (imminset,) head large; eyes large ; body at the hind part attenuated into the tail. |

Gorius, (goby,) head small; eyes approximat- ed ; gill-membrane four-rayed ; ventral-fins unit- ed into the form of a funnel.

Goxiomorus, habit as the Gobius ; with vent- ral-fins distinct.

Corrus, (bullbead,) head broader than the bo- dy, spiney; eyes vertecal and having a nictitating membrane ; gill-membrane six-rayed. In most species the body is without scales ; attenuated to- wards the tail, and with two dorsal-fins.

Scorrzna, head large, aculeated, cirrose, ob- iuse, without scales, sub-compressed ; eyes near each other ; teeth in the Jaws, palate and throat ; gill-membrane seven-rayed ; body fleshy ; dor- sal-fin single, with the rays of the forepart spiny.

Zeus, (dory,) head compressed, sloping down; upper lip arched by a transverse membrane ; tongue subulate (in most species); body compressed, broad, sub-rhomboid, thin, and of a bright colour ; gill membrane with seven perpendicular rays, the lowest transverse ; dorsal fin (in most species) having projecting filiform rays.

Pievronectsés, (floander, holibut, sole,) eyes both on the-same side of the head ; body compress- ed, one side representing the back and the other the abdomen.

CLASS IV. ORDER Ili. §5

Guxropon, (sheep-head, unicorn fish,) head small ; mouth also small ; teeth close set, flexile, setaceous ; gill-membrane 3, 4, 5 or 6-rayed 5 bo- dy bread, compressed, generally banded ; dorsa! and anal fin thick, fleshy and scaly at the base.

Acanruurus, teeth small, lobate (in mest spe- cles) ; tail aculeate on each side ; habit and gen- eral appearance as the Chetoden.

Eaquss, (knight-fish,) teeth in several rows; hody banded.

Tricnopus, body compressed; ventral fins with an extremely long filament.

Scarus, Jaws beny, divided in the middle, crenated on the edge ; teeth connate and conglom- erate.

Srarus, teeth strong; front teeth in a single yOW, in some species, in 2, 3 or 4 rows in others ; grinders (in most species) convex, smooth, dispos. ed in ranges, so as to form a kind of. pavement ; lips thick ; gill-covers unarmed, smooth, scaly.

Gompuosus, Jaws lengthened into a tubular snout; teeth small; those in front larger.

Lazsrus, (old-wife,) teeth strong and suba- cute ; grinders sometimes as in Sparus, convex -and crowded ; lips thick and doubled ; rays of the dorsal-fin, in some species, elongated into soft processes ; gill-covers unarmed and scaly.

OpnHICErHALUS, head coated with dissimilar scales ; body elongated.

Loncuvrus, head scaly ; ventral-fins separate ; tail lanceolate. :

Screna, head scaly ; dorsal-fins two, seated in a furrow, into which they may occasionally with- draw ; gill-membrane six-rayed,

Perca, (perch, sed! ruffe,) teeth sharp ; gill

36 CLASS IV; ORDER Iv.

covers three-leaved, scaly, serrated ; dorsal-fin spiny on the forepart ; scales (in most species) hard and rough.

Ho.ocentrus, habit as Perca; gill-covers sca- ly, serrated and aculeated ; scales hard and rough.

Bopianvs, (bedian,) habit as Perca; gill-cov- ers scaly, not serrated, aculeated ; scales smooth.

Scomser, (mackrel,) body oblong, smooth, sometimes carinated by the lateral line ; finlets {in most species) above and below towards the tail. :

GasTERosTEvs, (stickleback,) body somewhat lengthened ; dorsal-spines distinct ; ventral fins spiny ; abdomen carinated or shielded on the sides, and bony beneath.

Mutuus, (surmullet,) head compressed, scaly : mouth bearded ; gill-membrane three-rayed ; bo- cy covered with large subdeciduous scales.

Tricia, (gurnard,) head large, mailed and marked by rough lines ; gill-covers spiny ; gill- membrane seven-rayed ; finger-form processes (in most species) near the pectoral-fins.

Tracnicuruys, head rounded in front: eye jarge ; mouth wide, toothless, descending ; gill- membrane furnished with eight-rays of which the four lowermost are rough on the edges ; scales rough ; abdomen mailed with large carinated scales.

ORDER 4. ABDOMINALES. Gill-membranes with bony rays ; ventral-fins hack of the pectoral.

Cositis, (loche,) mouth bearded (in most spe- cies) ; eyes situated in the upper part of the head: body nearly of equal thickness from head to tail ;

CLASS IV. ORDER IV. 87

scales small, deciduous ; air-bladder hard or bo- ny.

AwnaBLeps, head subdepressed ; mouth termi- nal; teeth small, on the jaws ; eyes protuberant, with double pupils 5 gill-membrane six-rayed.

Amira, head bony, naked, rough, with visible sutures ; teeth both in jaws and palate, close-set, sharp, numerous ; cirri or beards two, near the nostrils ; gill-membrane twelve-rayed ; body sca-

SiLurus, head large, depressed ; mouth wide, bearded by long tentacula ; body lengthened, na- ked ; first ray of the pectoral-fins, or of the first dorsal-fin, toothed backwards.

Priatysracus, habit as Silurus;: mouth be- neath, bearded with cirri; body scaleless, depress- ed; tail long, compressed.

Loricania, habit as Silurus ; body mailed.

SALMo, (salmon, trout,) head smooth, compress- ed ; tongue cartilaginous ; teeth both in the jaws and on the tongue ; gill-membranc from four to ten- rayed ; body compressed, furnished at the hind part with an adipose fin.

AcantTuonotus, body elongated, without dor- gal-fin ; spines sevoral on the back and abdomen.

Fistuvaria, (tobacco-pipe, trumpet-fish, ) snout cylindric; mouth terminal; body lengthened : zill-membrane seven-rayed.

Ksox, (sea-pike, gar-fish,) head somewhat flat- tened above ; mouth wide; teeth sharp, in the jaws, palate and tongue ; body lengthened ; dor- sal and anal-fin (in most species) near the tail and opposite to each other.

Poryrrervs, gill-membrane single-rayed ; dor- sal-fins numerous.

SS GLASS IV. ORDER IY.

- EiLops, head smooth ; edges of the jaws and palate rough, with teeth; gill-membrane with thirty rays, and armed on the outside in the mid- dle with five teeth.

ARGENTINA, teeth in the jaws and tongue; gill- membrane with eight rays; vent near the tail ; ventral fins many-rayed.

ATHERINA, head somewhat flattened over the upper jaw; gill-membrane six-rayed ; body marked by a silver lateral stripe.

Muei., (mullet,) ips membranaceous ; the in- ferlor one carinated within ; teeth none ; at the corners of the mouth an inflected callus; gill- membrane with six curved rays; body fleshy : scales large ; dorsal-fins two.

Exocerus, (flying-fish,) head scaly ; jaws con- nected on each side; gill-membrane ten-rayed : pectoral-fins very large, giving the power of fly- ing.

2 aati head compressed, covered with scales; snout very obtuse and prominent ; gill- membrane five or seven-rayed ; separate filaments or setaceous processes near the base of the pecte- ral-fins. |

Cuiupra, (herring, shad, sprat,) side-plates of the upper mandible serrated ; gill-membrane eight- rayed ; gills internally setaceous; abdomen sharp, and serrated generally.

Cyprinus, (carp, tench, bream,) mouth small and toothless; teeth in the throat; gill-membrane three-rayed ; ventral-fins, in general, nine-rayed.

Mormyrvus, snout produced ; mouth terminal ; teeth several, emarginated ; aperture without gill- cover; gill-membrane single-rayed ; body scaly.

CLASS IV. ORDER V. 89

ORDER 5. BRANCHIOSTEGUS.

Skeleton: cartilaginous, without ribs 3 gill-mem- branes, with or without gill-covers.

Loputius, (angler,) head depressed ; teeth nu- merous, sharp ; tongue armed with teeth ; =. ral fins brachiated ; ; no gill covers.

CycLorrerus, (sucker, ) head obtuse ; teeth in the jaws; tongue short and thick ; s body thick without scales ; ventral fins united Se a circle.

Batisres, (file-fish,) teeth several in both jaws: body compressei; abdomen carinated ; skin tough, often reticulated by scale-like divisions ; no gill-covers.

OstTracion, (trunk-fish,) teeth pointing for- ward, cylindric, rather blunt ; hody mailed by a bony covering.

Diovon, jaws bony, undivided; bedy beset with moveable spines.

Crepuacus, (mullet, sun-fish,) jaws bony ; bo- dy terminating abruptly, so that the whole fish resenibles the head of a fish.

Terropon, (sun-fish, &c.) jaws bony, divided - atthe tip ; body roughened beneath ; ventral fins wanting. ©

SYGNATHUS, (pipe-fisb,) snout sub-cylindric, with terminal mouth ; body lengthened, jointed, mailed ; ventral fins none.

Cenrriscus, snout lengthened; body compress- ed, carinated beneath ; ventral fas united.

Caner, (sea-monster,) head pointed on the upper part, mouth placed beneath, with the upper lip five-cleft ; no gill-covers ; two incisors in front above and below.

*8

90 CLASS IV. . ORDER VF.

ORDER 6. CHONDROPTERYGIOUS.

Skeleton cartilaginous, without ribs ; gill-men- hranes wanting, with er without gill-covers.

Perromyzon, (lamprey,) body eel-form ; mouth beneath, with numerous teeth in circular rows ; spiracles seven on each side the neck.

GasTrRoprancHus, (hag-fish,) body eel-form, mouth beneath, with numercus pectinate teeth ; spiracles two, beneath the abdomen.

Rasa, (ray,) mouth situated beneath the head, transverse, beset with teeth ; spiracles beneath, five en each side ef the neck ; body, in most spe- cies, subrhomboidal.

Sauays, (shark,) mouth situated beneath the anterior part of the head, with numerous teeth dis- posed in rows ; spiracles on each side the neck (in most species five,) of a semi-lunar shape ; body oblong, somewhat cylindric. ,

SpaTuLaria, habit as Squalus, ; spiracles sin- gle on each side the neck and concealed by a large gill-cover ; snout produced, spatulate ; mouth be- meath the head, large and furnished with sharp serrate teeth. , 7

ACIPENCER, (sturgeon, sterlet,) having gill- covers; snout bearded beneath ; mouth beneath the head, ovate, toothless, retractile; body elon- gated, mailed above by tubercles.

Preasus, having gill-covers; snout elonged not bearded ; mouth beneath ; pectoral fins large ; yentral fins single-rayed; body depressed, mail- ed, with the abdomen divided into bony segments.

CPUS og? 5)

CLASS V. ANNELIDA.

Remarks. Animals of this class have hereio- fore been distributed among various divisions of the Linnean vermes ; but no naturalist was satis- fied with such a distribution. These animals hay- ing red blood, and soft Jointed bodies, they seem- ed to be excluded from all places in the system. The French naturalists have obviated this diffi- culty by creating a new class ; and placing this class under the grand division Articulata. Ag these animals have no limbs for walking, it was necessary to make the definition of this division more general—referring to their jointed bodies, without specifying articulated limbs. They are all reproduced like plants with perfect flowers.

ORDER 1. TUBICOLA.

Semi-molluscous and encased in calcareous tubes.

Serputa, (shell-worm,) animal a terebella; shell univalve, tubular, generally adhering to oth- _ er substances ; often separated internally by di- visions at uncertain distances.

SaBELLA, (cased-worm,) animal a nereis, with aringent mouth and 2 thicker tentacula behind the head ; shell tubular, composed of particles of sand, broken shells, and vegetable substances, united toa membrane by a glutinous cement.

AMPHITRITE, body projecting from a tube and annulate ; peduncles or feet small, numerous ; feelers 2, approximate, feathered ; eyesnone, In sea and wet sand,

§2 CLASS V. ORDERS IL & Ill.

Denraium, (tooth-shell,) animal a terebella ; shell univalve, tubular, strait or slightly curved, with an undivided cavity open at both ends.

ORDER 2. DORSIBRANCHIA.

Respiratory organs distributed along one side af the body, which may be called the back.

Nereis, body long, creeping, with numerous Jateral peduncles, or feet, each side ; feelers sim- ple, rarely none ; eyes 2, or 4, rarely none. In sea.

ApruropiTa, (aphrodite,) body creeping, ob- long, covered with scales, and furnished with nu- merous bristly fasciculate feet, each side ; mouth terminal, cylindrical, retractile ; feelers 2, seta- ceous, annulate ; eyes 4. In sea.

ORDER 38. ABRANCHIA.

Having no particular respiratory organs ; but ihe office of respiration is performed along the whole surface of the skin,

Lumericus, (angle-worm, earth-worm,) body round, annulate. with (generally) an elevated fleshy belt near the bead, mostly rough with mi- nute concealed prickles placed longitudinally, and furnished with a laieral aperture. In common soil, wet soil, and wet rotten wood and manure.

Nats, (glass-woru,) body creeping, long, lin- ear, pellucid, depressed ; peduncles or feet with small bristles each side; tentacule or feelers, hone ; eyes two or none. Ln stagnant waters, rivers and wet sand.

CLASS V. ORDER III, 93

Hiruno, (leech, blood-sucker,) body oblong, truncate at both ends, unarmed, cartilaginous ; moves by dilating head and tail and contracting itself into an arch. In water and damp places.

Gonrpius, (hair-worm, hair-snake,) body round, filiform, equal, smooth. In water and damp pla- ces,

(94

CLASS VI. CRUSTACEA.

Remarks. These animals were placed in the class Insecta by Lineas. There was no difficul- ty in this arrangement, as the characters are deii- nite and constant. The separation is generally approbated. In truth there seems to be a wide difference between a lobster and a butterfly. But some species of the class Insecta have something of a crust, which causes many naturalists to ques- tion the beneficial uses of this subdivision.

They respire by a kind of gills or lamellar py- ramids, sometimes furnished with threads. These are placed at the articulations of the body. They generally have four antenne. Their crustaceous covering is very strong in some species, as the lob- ster ; in others it is thin and tender.

The crusts of some species have been found in the state of petrifactions or relique. But I do not think Brongniard has demonstrated the trilobite to have been of this class. I have recently found trilobites in a calciferous slate, with their carbo-: nate of lime shells still remaining. I believe M. Brongniard will hereafter convince himself that the trilobite was a multivalve molluscous animal.

ORDER 1. DECAPODIA. Head confounded with the trunk.

Cancer, (crab, lobster,) having ten feet ; head united to the corslet, forming a shield, covering ihe whole anterior part of the body.

CLASS VI. ORDERS II. TO V. 95

ORDERS SECOND TO FIFTH. Head distinct from the trunk.

Remark. These four orders of Latreille musi be united, if we retain the old Linnean genera, as adopted by Shaw, according to the plan of this text-book.

Squii.a, tail longer than the thorax; each man- dible bears a feeler ; eyes pedicelled and movea- ble.

Oniscus, (sow-bug,) legs fourteen; antenne setaceous ; body oval.

MonnocuLus, (swimming-bug,) feet formed for swimming ; body covered by a crustaceous tegu- ment; eyes, in most species, approximated and imbedded in the shell.

Ca 88 Fs)

CLASS VII ARACHNIDA.

Remarks. Animals of this class also were placed in the class Insecta by Linneus. They are truly insects; but constituting a numerous and interesting family of a peculiar character, few object to the separation. ‘The web of the spider attracted the notice of the earliest observers ; and it forms a subject of refference in the writings of Solomon. Were it not for that ridiculous affec- tation which causes the feigned screaches and screams so often heard at the approach of spiders, nothing in the whole round of natural science would be a more favorite subject of observation and study, than the instincts and structures of these beautiful and inoffensive animals.

ORDER 1. PULMONARIA.

Having hollow organs or sacks, in some measure resembling lungs, which subserve the purpose of respiration.

AraneA, (spider,) legs eight; eyes eight or. six ; mouth furnished with two hooks or holders ; feelers two, jointed, the tips of which, in the male, distinguish the sex ; abdomen terminated by pa- pille or teats, through which the threads of the web are drawn.

Scorpio, (scorpion,) legs eight, besides the two frontal claspers ; body ovate, elongated; eyes eight, three on each side of the thorax and two on the back; tail elongated, jointed and terminated by a curved pincer ; combs (toothed processes) si- tuated beneath, between the thorax and abdomen.

CLASS VSI. ORDER II. 9%

ORDER 2. TRACHENTA.

Having no cavity resembling lungs, but res pir- ing bya kind of trachea-like radiation of branched tubes. |

PuHatancium, (grey-beard,) legs eight; eyes four, two vertical and two lateral; front furnish- ed with cheliform antenne ; abdomen generally

rounded. Acarvs, (mite,) legs eight; eyes two, situate on each side of the head ; feelers two, jointed.

leg-form.

te)

> e889

CLASS VIII. INSECTA.

Remarks. This class comprises an immense assemblage of small animals. They are mostly ofa structure which is very favorable to rapid mo- tion. Those which have wings mostly pass through four states of existence. First the egg, second the larva, third the crysalis, fourth the winged insect. In every state they are extremely interesting.

In classifying insects, those which have wings are separated from those which have not. But still there are several species wherein the male and female differ in this particular. In general, however, insects are easily classified and describ- ed, and are very fit subjects for the exercise of the discriminating powers of the young naturalist. By studying isects and becoming acquainted with their beautiful structure, all these artificial horrors, excited by their presence, are changed into feelings of adoration for Him, who drew out their microscopic tubes, and set their respective fluids to flow in them. | 3

ORDER i. MYRIAPODIA.

Having any number of feet above six and no wings ; head not distinct from the trunk.

Juus, (round centipede,) antenne moniliform ; feelers two, jointed ; body subcylindric ; legs num- erous, twice as many on each side as the segments of the body.

ScoLorenpra, (flat centipede,) antenne seta- ceous ; body depressed ; legs numerous, equalling

CLASS VIIle ORDERS Il. tf. & Iv. 99

the number of segments of the body on each side ; feelers two, setaceous.

ORDER 2. THYSANOURA.

Having but sia feet, with some other organs of movement, which appear like fringes ; no wings.

Lerisma, (lepisma,) legs six, formed for run- ning; mouth with two setaceous and two headed feelers ; body imbricate with minute scales ; tail furnished with extended bristles.

Popura, (spring-tail,) legs six, formed for run- ning ; eyes two, composed of eight; tail forked, formed for leaping, inflected 5; antenne setaceous, elongated. ;

ORDER 3. PARASITA.

Having sia feet, no fringe-like organs ; no wings ; crawl upon other animals.

Pepicutus, (louse,) legs six, formed for walk- ing ; mouth furnished with an exsert piercer 3 an- tenne the length of the thorax ; abdomen depress- ~ ed, sublobate.

ORDER 4. SUCTORIA.

No wings ; beak a sucker enclosed ina cylin- dric sheath of two articulated pieces.

Puvex, (flea,) legs SiX, formed for leaping : eyes two; antenne filiform; mouth furnished with an inflated, setaceous snout, concealing a pier- cer, abdomen compressed. |

400 CLASS VIII. ORDER V.

ORDER 5. COLEOPTERA.

Having four wings, the outer pair (called ely- tra) crustaceous, the inner pair folded transverse- ly, or not extended longitudinally.

Sec. A. Tarsus with five joints ; palpi six.

CicinpELA, (tiger-bug,) antenne setaceous ; jaws prominent, denticulated ; eyes protuberant ; thorax roundish and margined.

Carabus, antenne setaceous; thorax some what heart-form, truncated in front, margined ; abdomen ovate ; wing-sheaths margined.

Dytiscus, (swimmer,) antenne setaceous ; hind legs villose, formed for swimming and terminated by scarcely visible claws.

Hypracuna, (water witch, water-spider,) legs eight, formed for swimming; head, thorax and ab- domen united, or connate ; feelers two, jointed ; eyes 2, 4or 6.

Grrinvs, (glimmer-cheffer,) antennz clavate, stiff, shorter than the head, eyes apparently four, two above and two below.

Sec. B. Tarsus with five joints ; palm four ;

antennee not enlarged at the ends nor luminated.

STAPHYLINUS, (rove beetle,) antennz moniliform 3; wing-sheaths halved ; wings covered ; tail simple, occasionally pretruding two oblong vesicles.

Buprestis, antenne setaceous, of the length of the thorax ; head half withdraw n beneath the thorax.

Earer, (snap-bug,) antenne setaceous ; body oblong, when placed onthe back, springing up by

CLASS VIII. ORDER V. 101

means of the pectoral spine starting from the ab- dominal foramen.

Lampyris, (glow-worm,) antenne filiform wing-sheaths fiexile ; thorax flat, semiorbicular, concealing and surrounding the head; abdomen with the sides plaited into papille ; female wing- less Gn most species.)

CANTHARIS, antenne setaceous; thorax margi- ned, shorter than the head; wing-sheaths flexile ; abdomen plated into papill on the sides.

Prinus, (plant-thief,) antenne filiform, with the three last joints largest; thorax roundish with- out distinct margin, receiving the head occasion- ally.

Section C. Tarsus with fire joints ; palpi four s antennee enlarged at the end or laminated.

Hister, antenne headed by a somewhat solid tip, lowest Joint compressed and decurved ; head retractile ; mouth forcipated ; wing-sheaths short- er than the body ; fore legs toothed.

SILPHA, (protector,) antenne thickening to- wards the tip; wing-sheaths margined; head prominent, thorax flattish, margined.

Dermestes, (leather-chaffer,) antennze clavate, with perfoliate tip, the three last joints larger than the rest ; thorax convex, scarcely or very slightly margined ; head withdrawn at pleasure beneath the thorax.

Byrruvus, antenne clavate, subsolid, subcom- pressed.

Hypropuitus, (driver,) antenne clavate-per- foliate ; hind legs villose and formed for swim- ming,

#9

402 CLASS VIII. ORDER Vs.

Scarap2xus, (beetle,) antenne or horns clavate, with a fissile tip; legs generally toothed ; body thick and compact.

Lucanus, (ox-chaffer,) antenne clavate, with: compressed tip, divided inte lamelle on the inner side ; jaws stretched forward, exsert and toothed.

Sec. D. Tarsiwith one more joint to each of the our forward ones, than to the two hindmost: Generally four to each forward one.

Tenesrio, antenne moniliform with the last joint rounded ; thorax planoconvex, margined ; head exsert ; wing-sheath stiffish.

Diarenris, (shield- bug,) head concealed under the corslet or received ina deep excavation in its forward end; the sides of the corslet and of the chest project over the body. It is often very flat,. oval, and in the form of a shield.

Mrxor, (spanish fly,) antenne moniliform, with the last joint ovate ; thorax roundish 5 wing- sheaths soft and flexile ; head inflected.

Morpexua, antenne filiform, serrated ; head bent down when disturbed ; feelers compressed- clavate, obliquely truncated ; wing-sbeaths curv- mg downwards towards the tip; lamina broad, before the thighs, at the base of the abdomen.

Sec. KH. Tarsus always with four joints.

Brucuus, antenne filiform, gradually thicken- ing; head retracted and inflected ; thorax attenu- ate in front; wing-shells truncated, shorter than the abdomen.

ATTELABUS, head attenuated behind ; antennez thickening towards the tip.

GLASS VIII. ORDER V. 108

Curcutio, (weevil,) antenne subclavate situat- ed on the snout ; snout horny prominent.

Pavsus, antenne of 2 joints, the yy very large, inflated, moveable, and hooked 3; head stretched forw . ; wing-sheaths flexile, “deflec. ted, truncate.

Dire urusi Ace: body ov al : antenne gradual- ly enlarged, perfoliate in a oreat number, (they terminate in a mass of three or four articulations upon each other.) “Phey live in mushrooms and under the bark of trees.

CreraMBYX, (goat-chaffer, goat-horns,)-antennz slender and gradually attenuated ; thorax either spiny or bulging ; wing-sheaths sublinear ; body oblong.

Leprura, (wood-beetle,) antennz setaceous ; wing-sheaths attenuated towards the tip ; thorax subcylindric.

NECYDALIS, antenne setaceous ; wing-sheaths smaller, shorter and narrower than the wings ; tail simple.

Hispa, (prickly-beetle,) antenne spindle-form, approximate at the base, situate between the eyes ;

thorax and wing-shells generally aculated. Cassipa, (tortoise caring antenne moniliform, thickening towards ibe tip; head concealed be- neath the Pineld of the thorax ; thorax and wing- sheaths dilated and margined ; body oval, convex, flat beneath.

CurysoMELa, antenne moniliform, thickening towards the tip ; thorax margined; body ovate or oblong, convex. 2

104 CLASS VIIT. ORDER YI,

Sec. F. Tarsus always with three or with twe joints.

Coccineua, (lady-bug, ladies’-bird,) antenne subclavate and truncate ; feelers with semicordate tips ; body hemispheric, with the abdomen flat beneath.

ORDER 6. ORTHOPTERA.

Having four wings, the outer pair generally of a leathery texture ; the inner pair plaited longt- tudinally.

Forricuta, (earwig,) antenne setaceous ; wing- sheaths halved ; wings covered ; tail forcipated,

Buarra, (cockroach,) head inflected ; antennz. setaceous ; wings flat, subcoriaceous ; thorax flat- ish orbicular, margined ; feet formed for running ; horniets two over the tail.

Mantis, (soothsayer,) head unsteady, armed with jaws and furnished with palpi or feelers ; an- tenn setaceous ; thorax linear; wings 4, membra- naceous, convolute ; the lower pair plated ; fore- legs, in most species, compressed, serrated beneath and armed with a single claw and with a setace- ous, lateral, jointed foot ; hind-legs smooth, form- ed for walking.

Puasma, (spectre,) head large ; antenne fill- form; eyes small, rounded stemmata 3, between: the eyes; wings 4, membranaceous, the upper pair abbreviated, the lower plaited ; feet formed for walking. )

Gry Luvs, (grass-hopper, locust,) head inflected, armed with jaws, and furnished with feelers ; an- tenn in most species, either filiform or setaceous 5.

CLASS VIII. ORDER VII. 405

wings 4, deflexed, convolute, lower ones plaited ; hind- legs formed for leaping ; claws double on all the feet. |

ORDER 7. HEMIPTERA.

Having four wings, the outer pair mostly with the upper half crustaceous and the lower half mem- branaceous ; inner edges generally crossing each other at an angle more or less acute.

Cimex, (bug, fruit-bug,) snout inflected ; anten- ne longer than thorax ; wings 4, cross-complicate or folded crosswise, the upper pair coriaceous on the upper part ; back flat with the thorax mar- gined ; feet formed for running.

Nepa, (water-scorpion,) snout inflected ; wings 4, cross-complicate, coriaceous on the upper part 5 fore-feet cheliform, (forcipated) the rest formed for walking.

Noronecra, (boat-fly,) snout inflected ; anten- ne shorter than thorax ; wings coriaceous on the upper part and crossed over each other ; hind feet edged with hairs and formed for swimming.

_ Crcapa, (american locust, caty-did, green-grass-

hopper,) sneut inflected ; antenne very short, se- taceous ; wings 4, membranaceous, deflected ; feet, in most species, formed for leaping.

Fuueora, (lantern-fly,) head produced into an inflated hollow front ; antenne beneath the eyes, of 2 joints, the exterior larger and globose 3 snout inflected ; feet formed for walking.

CHERMEs, (gall-bug,) snout pectoral ; antennes longer than thorax ; wings 4, deflexed ; thorax zibbose ; feet formed for walking.

406 CLASS VIII. ORDER VIII.

Turips, snout inconspicuous ; antenne the length of the thorax ; body linear: abdomen reflexile upwards; wings 4, straight, long, narrow, incum- bent on the back, slightly crossed.

Aruis, (plant-louse,) snout inflected ; antennz Jonger than thorax; wings either 4, upright or none ; feet formed for walking; abdomen general- ly furnished with 2 horns or processes.

Coccus, (cochineal bug,) snout pectoral ; abdo- men bristled behind ; wings 2 in males, upright; in females none.

ORDER 8. NEUROPTERA.

Having four naked membranaceous wings, finely reticulated ; the inner pair as large as the outer, and sometimes larger one way.

LipetiuLta, (dragon’s needle, dragon-fly,) mouth furnished with several jaws; antenne very short ; wings 4, extended ; tail, in the male, for- cipated.

EpHemMera, (day-fiy, ephemera,) mouth without teeth or feelers; steminata 2, very large, above the eyes ; wings upright, lower pair smaller; tail bristled.

Panorpa, (scorpion-ily,) snout horny, cylin- dric, with 2 feelers ; siemmata 3 ; antenne longer than thorax ; tail of the female chelated or clawed.

Myrmeteon, (lion-ant,) mouth furnished with jaws ; teeth 2; feelers 4, elongated ; stemmata none ; antennez clavate, of the length of the tho- rax; wings deffected ; tail of the male furnished with a forceps consisting of 2 straitish filaments.

~

CLASS VIII. ORDER IX. 107 - Hemerosius, (gold-eye,) mouth with 2 teeth and 4 feelers ; stemmata none; wiugs deflected, not plaited ; antenne longer than the convex thorax, setaceous, stretched forwards.

Rapuipia, mouth with 2 teeth ; head depress- ed, horny; feelers 4 ; stemmata 3 ; wings de- flexed ; antennez the length of thorax, which is cylindric, and elongated in front ; tail of females furnished with a recurved lax bristle.

Termes, (ticking-fly.) legs 6, formed for run- ning ; eyes 2; antenne setaceous ; mouth fur- nished with 2 jaws.

Puryeanea, (cadow-fly,) mouth without teeth, with 4 feelers ; stemmata 3 ; antenne longer than thorax ; wings incumbent, lower pair plaited.

ORDER 9. HYMENOPTERA.

Having four naked membranaceous wings ; the inner or hindmost pair always smaller than the others. i

TENTHREDO, (saw-fly,) mouth with jaws, with- out proboscis ; wings ilat, swelled or slightly in- _ flated ; piercer consisting of 2 serrated and scarce- ly projecting laminz ; scutellum with 2 distant sranules.

Sirex, mouth with 2 strong jaws; feelers 2, truncated ; antennz filiform, with more than 24 joints ; piercer exserted, stiff, serrate ; abdomen sessile, pointed ; wings lanceolate and all flat.

IcHNEUMON, (ichneumon,) mouth with jaws, without tongue; antennz with more than 30 joints ; abdomen, in most species, peduncled ; piercers exsert, with a cylindric bivalve sheath.

108 CLASS VIII. ORDER X.

Cynips, (gall-fly,) mouth with jaws, but with- out proboscis ; piercer or sting spiral, generally concealed.

Curysis, (gold-wasp,) mouth with jaws, with- out proboscis; antenne filiform with the first joint lengthened the other 11 short ; abdomen arched beneath, with a lateral scale on each side ; vent dentated ; piercer subexsert; wings flat ; body gilded.

Formica, (ant,) head large, with diffracted fili- form antenne ; mouth with large jaws and 4 un- equal feelers ; thorax narrowed behind and furn- ished with an upright scale ; abdomen subglo- bose ; neutrals apterous ; neutrals and females furnished with a concealed sting.

Motitua, antenne filiform ; body downy 3; thorax retuse behind ; wings frequently wanting ; sting concealed.

Spuex, (solitary-wasp,) mouth with jaws, with- out tongue ; antennz of 10 joints; wings flat, in- cumbent, not plaited ; sting concealed.

Vespa, (wasp, hornet,) mouth with jaws, with- out proboscis ; upper wings plaited ; “biagle con- cealed ; eyes junated ; body smooth.

Aris, (bee,) mouth furnished with j jaws and an inflected proboscis with 2 bivalve sheaths ; wings flat, or without plaits ; sting concealed in the fe- male and neutral bees.

ORDER 10. LEPIDOPTERA. |

Having four membranaceous wings, generally large, covered with small scales. The scales ap- pear like dust, when brushed off under the naked eye.

Papiio, (butterfly,) antenne thickening to-

CLASS VIII. ORDERS xI. & Xu. 109

wards the extremity, commonly ter minating in a knob or clavate tip ; wings when sitting , erect and meeting upwards ; flight “diurnal.

SpHINX, (hawk-miller,) antennie thickest in the middle, subprismatic and attenuated at each ex- tremity ; wings deflected ; flight strong and com- monly in the morning or evening.

PHALAENA, (candle- miller, moth,) antennez se- taceous, gradually lessening from the base to tip $ Wings, when sitting, generally deflexed and bent down archwise 3; flight nocturnal.

ORDER 11. RHIPTERA.

Having two membranaceous wings plaited inte a fan, with two small elytralike moveable bodies near their origin, at the forepart of the corslet. Al very trifling order, probably will be rejected hereafter.

Xenos, two branches of antennze have no ar-’ ticulation ; the abdomen is horned. Under scales of other insects.

Stytops, the upper branch of the hindmost piece of the antennz is composed of three smal} joints ; the abdomen is retractile and fleshy.— Under scales of other insects.

ORDER 12. DIPTERA. _ Having but two wings. CuLEx, (gnat, musqueto,) mouth consisting of setaceous piercers, within a flexible sheath. Tipua, (crane-fiy,) mouth arched over by the upper jaw extending from the head ; palpi 2, re- eurved, longer than the head ; proboscis recurved,

very short. 10

410 CLASS VIII. ORDER XIle

Asiuus,’ (hornet-fly,) mouth with a straight, horny, bivalve snout. .

Empis, mouth with a horny, inflected, bivalve snout, longer than the thorax, with horizontal valves.

Bompy.tius, (humming-fly,) mouth furnished with a very long porrected, setaceous, bivalve trunk ; with horizontal valves including setace- ous piercers. i

Tasanus, (ox-fly,) mouth formed into a fleshy proboscis, terminated by 2 lips; rostrum furnished with 2 pointed palpi, placed on the side of, and parallel to, the proboscis.

Conoprs, mouth with a porrected, jointed snout.

Orsrrus, (gad-fly,) antennz triarticulate, very short, sunk; face broad, depressed, vesicular ; mouth a simple orifice ; feelers 2, biarticulate, sunk ; tail inflected.

Musca, (house fly,) mouth formed into a fleshy proboscis, with 2 lateral lips ; palpi none.

Diopsis, (stem-eye,) antennz very small, seta- ceous, eyes situated on very long footstalks.

Hurrogosca, (horse-fly,) mouth furnished with a bivalve, cylindric, obtuse, natant snout; bedy | depressed ; feet furnished with several claws,

icine aioe

CLASS IX. MOLLUSCA.

Remarks. [ include the whole grand division, Mollusca, in one class; though Cuvier subdivides it into the classes, Cephalopodia, head-footed— Pteropodia, wing-feoted—Guasteropodia, trunk- footed—Acephala, headless—Brachiopodia, arm- footed—Cirrhopedia, fibre-footed. As this classi- fication is founded upon the anatomical structure of the fleshy interior of the animals, it is manifest that they cannot be classified by their shells ac- cording to this system. As our investigations are mostly confined to the shells, I have adopted the Linnean sections for orders ; and prefixed an or- der for naked molluscous animals, which are not . of the radiated division. Could we always ob- tain the molluscous interior, the classification of Cuvier would be preferable.

ORDER 1. NUDATA. Soft animals destitute of shells.

Serra, (cuttle-fish,) body fieshy, receiving tlie. breast ina sheath, with a tubular aperture at its base ; arms 8, beset with numerous warts or suck- ers, and in most cases 2 peduncled tentacule ; head short; eyes large ; mouth resembling a par- rot’s beak. In sea. This is the animal called the polypus by the ancients ; but that name is very differently applied by modern naturalists.

C110, body oblong, nayant, generally sheathed, and furnished with 2 dilated membranaceous arms or wing-like processes ; tentaculz 3, besides 2 in the mouth. ° In sea.

/

412 CLASS IX. ORDER tf.

Doris, (sea-lemon,) body creeping, oblong, and flat beneath: mouth placed below on the fore- part; vent behind on the back, surrounded by a fringe ; feelers 2 to 4, seated on the upper part of the body in front and retractile within their proper receptacle. A

Triton, (water salamander,) body oblong ; mouth with an involute spiral proboscis ; tentacu- lz or arms twelve, six on each side, divided near- ly to the base, the hind ones cheliferous.

Trtuys, body detatched, rather cblong, fleshy, without peduncles ; mouth with a terminal cylind- vic proboscis under an expanded membrane or lip ; apertures two on the left side of the neck. In sea.

Lapuisia, (sea-hare,) body creepivg, covered with reflected membranes, with a membranaceous shield on the back, covering the lungs ; aperture placed on the right side ; vent above the extremi- ty of the back ; feelers four, resembling ears. In sea.

ScyLLaEA, body compressed and grooved along the back ; mouth consisting of a terminal, toothless aperture ; tentacula or arms three each side, and placed beneath. In sea. |

Limax, (slug, smooth snail,) body oblong, creep- ing, with a fleshy kind of shield above, and a lon- gitudinal flat dish beneath; aperture placed on the right side within the shield ; feelers four, si- tuated above the mouth, with an eye at the tip of each of the larger ones. In water, moist places, and on common soil,

Sapa, bedy loose, nayant, gelatinous, tubular, and open at each extremity ; intestine placed oh.~ liquely. In sea, °

CLASS IX. ORDERII. 113

AscipA, body fixed, roundish and aparently is- suing from a sheath. In sea.

Daeysa, body loose, nayant, angular, tubular and open at each extremity. In sea.

PrerorracHea, bedy detached, gelatinous, with a moveable fin at the abdomen or tail 3 eyes two, placed within the head. In sea.

Derris, body cylindric, composed of articula- tions ; wouth terminal; feelers two. in sea.

Oncurpium, body oblong, creeping, flat beneath; mouth placed before ; feelers two, situate above the mouth; armes two, at the sides of the head ; vent behind, and placed beneath. On leaves.

Lozarta, body above convex, beneath flat, lo- bate. Insea..

ORDER 2. MULTIVALVA.

Soft animals, having shells with more than two valves.

Cuiton, (monoloba,) animals inhabiting the shell, adoris; shell consisting of several segments or transverse incumbent valves, disposed in a lon- gitudinal series down the back.

Leras, (acorn-shell, barnacle,) animal a tri- ton; shell affixed at the base and consisting of many unequal erect valves. Formerly called the barnacle goose-egg. ;

Puotas, (piddock,) animal an ascidia 3; prin- cipal shell bivalve divaricate, with several lesser differently shaped accessary ones at the hinge ; hinges recurved, united by a cartilage; in the in- side beneath the hinge is an incurved tooth.

*10

4 Ve CLASS IX. ORDER IIt

ORDER 3. BIVALVA. Soft animals, having shelis with two valves.

Mya, (pearl-muscle, gaper,) animal an ascidia; shell bivalve, generally gaping at one end ; hinge with broad thick strong teeth, seldom more than one, and net inserted into the opposite valve.

SoLeEN, (razor- sheath,) animal an ascidia; shell bivalve, eblong, open at both ends; hinge witha subulate reflected tooth, often double, and not in- serted in the opposite valve.

TELLINA, animal a tethys; shell bivalve, gen- erally sloping on one side ; in the forepart of one. valve a convex, of the other a concave, fold; hinge. usually three teeth, the lateral ones smooth in one. shell.

Carpivum, (cockle,) animal a tethys ; shell bi- valve, nearly equilateral, equivalve, generally convex ; longitudinally ribbed, striate or grooved,

with a foathed margin ; hinge with two alter rate

teeth near the benk 1 in the prdille, and a larger re-

mote lateral one each side, each locking into the opposite.

‘Macrra, animal a tethys; shell bivalve, une- qual sided, eqnivalve : middie tooth of the hinge complicated, with a small hollow each side, late- ral ones remote and inserted into each other.

Donax, animal a tethys; shell bivalve, with generally a crenulate margin, the frontal or ante- rior margin very obiuse ; hinge with two teeth, and a single marginal one place da little behind, which is rarely double, triple or none.

Venus, (common clam,) animal a lethys ; shell bivalve, the frontal margin flattened with incum-

Vv ve hilt

CLASS IX. ORDER III, : 4415

bent lips ; hinge with three teeth, all of them ap- ‘proximate, the lateral ones divergent at the tip.

SroNDYLUs, (thorney oyster,) animal a tethys ; shell hard, solid, with unequal valves ; one con- vex, the other ahr fiat ; hinge with two recurv- ed teeth separated by a small hollow.

Cuama, (basin conk,) animal a tethys ; shell bivalve, rather coarse ; hinge with a callose gib- bosity, obliquely inserted in an oblique hollow ; anterior slope closed. :

Arca, (nvah’s ark,) animala tethys ? shell bi- valve, equivalve; hinge with numerous sharp teeth alternately inserted between each other.

Osrrea, (oyster, scallop,) animal, a tethys ; shell bivalve, pencrally, with unequal valves and slightly eared ; hinge without teeth, but furnished with an ovate ‘hollow, and mostly lateral, trans- verse groove.

Anomia, (thin-shell,) animal siugeslndtes cili- ate, strap-ferm, with bristles or fringe affixed to upper valve; shell bivalve, one valve flatish, the other gibbose at the base, with a produced beak generally curved over the hinge ; hinge without teeth, but a lateral tooth within, on the margin of the flat valve ; two bony rays for the base of the animal,

Myvrixvus, (mother pearl, muscle,) animal al- lied to an ascidia; shell bivalve, rough, generally afiixed by a byssus or beard, of silky filaments ; hinge mostly without teeth, with sometimes a su- bulate excavated longitudinal} line.

Pinna, (wing- clam,) animal a limax; shell sub-bivalve, fragile, upright, gaping at one end, and furnished with a bissus or beard; hinge with-

23 a

1i6 CLASS IX. ORDER IV.

8g

out teeth, the valves united into one. acre, yielding byssus of which silk is sometimes made.

ORDER 4. UNIVALVA.

Soft animals, having shells with single valves.

ARGONAUTA, (paper nautilus,) animal a sepia or Clio; shell univalve, spiral, involute, membra- naceous, one-celled.

Navuritus, (pearl nautilus,) animal sepla ; shell univalve, divided into several departments communicating with each other by an aperture or siphunculus.

Conus, (cone,) animal iieaee: shell univaive. convolute, turbinate ; aperture efi. longitudi- nal, linear, without teeth, entire at the base; pil- lar smooth.

Cyprara, (gourie, sea-porcelain,) animal a li- max ; shell univalve, invelute, suboyate, smooth, obtuse at each end; aperture effuse at each end, linear, extending the whele length of the shell, and toothed each side:

Buwia, (dipper- shell,) animal a limax; shell univalve, convoiute, unarmed vith teeth; aper- ture a little enaiiened; oblong, lon citudiiel, very entire at the base; pillar-lip oblique, smooth.

Voiura, (mitre, volute,) animal limax 5 shell one-celled spiral; aperture without a beak, and somewhat cffuse ; pillar twisted or plaited, gene- rally without lips or perforations.

Buccinum, (whelk, helmet-shell,) animal li- max ; shell univalve, spiral, gibbose ; aperture : ovate, terminating in’ a short canal leaning to the right, with a retuse beak or projection ; pillar-lip expanded.

es

et mm CLASS IX. ORDER Iv. MF

Srrompus, (dinner-hern,) animal a limax 3 shell univalve, spiral; the lip of the aperture often | much dilated ; expanding, and produced into a groove leaning to the left.

Murex, (thorn- shell,) animal limax ; shell ine- quivalve, spiral, rough, with membranaceous su- tures ; aperture oval, ending inan entire, straight or slightly ascending canal.

Trocuus, (top-shell,) animal limax; shell uni- valve, spiral, more or fee CONIC: aperture some- what angular or rounded, the upper side trans- verse and contracted ; pillar placed obliquely.

Turego, (periwinkle, stair-case,) animal limax ; shell univdive, spiral, solid; aperture contracted, orbicular, entire.

Huras (snail,) animal limax ; shell univaive, spiral, subdiaphanous, brittle ; aperture contract- ed, semilunar or roundish. In dry and wet soil and water.

Nenira, (sea-snail,) animal limax ; shell uni- valve, spiral, cibbose, flattish at bottom ; aperture -semiorbicular or semilunar ; pillar-lip transverse- ly truncate, flatish.

Hatyoris, (sea-ear,) animal limax ; shell uni- valve, dilated, ear-form, with a longitudinal row of orifices along the surface ; ; spire lateral and nearly concealed.

Pate va, (limpet,) animal limax ; shell uni- valve, subconic, shaped like a basin ; without spire.

Terenpo, (ship-worm,) animal aterebella, with two calcareous hemispherical valves cut off before, and two lanceolate ones ; shell tapering, flexuoss and capable of penetrating wood.

Cer 418.°°"’)

CLASS X. ECHINODERMA.

Remarks. The organic structure of the ani- mals of this class is more complicated than that of any other class of this division. They have an organized covering, often sustained upon some- thing resembling a skeleton, which supports sharp processes or spines sometimes moveable. They have animperfect vascular system, and their res- piratory organs are often very distinct. Some species have fibres, which seem to supply the of- fice of nerves.

ORDER 1. PEDICEKLLATA.,

Having stem-like moveable processes which per- form the office of feet. |

ASTERIAS, (sea-star,) body depressed, covered with a coriaceous crust, muricate with tentacula, and grooved beneath; mouth central, five-rayed. In sea.

Encrinus, (stone-lily,) a stem divided into nu- mereus articulations ; its branches are like the stem, and subdivided dichetomously. Its fossil remains have been. called entrochites, which are pieces of the stems and branches of this genus.

Ecuinus, (sea-urchin, sea-hedghog,) body roundish, cevered with a bony sutured crust, and generally furnished with moveable spines; mouth placed beneath, and mostly five-valved. In sea.

HoLornuria, body detached, cylindric, thick, naked, and open at the extremity ; mouth sur- ems by fieshy branches, tentacula or feelers.

n 6ea,

€LASS X. ORDERII. 119

ORDER 2. APODA. |

Having no organs for locomation.

SIPUNCULUs, (tube-worm,) body round, elon- gated ; mouth cylindric at the end, and narrower than the body ; aperture at the side of the bedy and veruciform. In the sea under stones,

(120° '9

CLASS XI. INTESTINA.

Remarks. This class does not include those animals which enter the bodies of other animals in maturity. Itincludes those only which reside and propagate in the alimentary canals, glands, cellular membranes and parenchymous coverings of other animals. As they have no respiratory organs, it is evident that the influence of oxygen, necessary to animal life, is, in some unexplained manner, transmitted to them through the animals which they inhabit. Their deficiency, in respira- tory organs and in nerves, induce many natural- ists to consider them as morbid excrescences, not entitled to the rank of animals.

ORDER 1. CAVITORIA.

Having internal cavities for the reception of food, and mouths.

_ Fivartia, (negro-eater,) body round, filiform, equal and quite smooth ; mons dilated with a roundish concave lip. In negro’s feet. 3

TricHocreruaLus, (hair-head,) body round, elastic, and variously twisted ; head or forepart much thicker and furnished with a slender exser- tile proboscis ; ‘sil or lower part long, capillary, and tapering toe point. In men, horses, &c.

CucuLianus, (hooded worm,) body sharp, pointed behind, and obtuse before ; mouth orbi- cular with a straight hood. In moles, buzzards, frogs, fish.

Ascaris, (spindle-worm,) body round, elastic, and tapering towards each extremity ; head with

~

GLASS XIe ORDER Il. 424

three vesicles ; tail obtuse or subulate ; intestines spiral, milk-white and pellucid. In man, beast, fish, birds.

StTRoNGYLus, (horse glassworm,) body round, tong, pellucid, glabrous ; the fore part globular, truncate, with a circular aperture, fringed at the margin; the hind part of the female entire and pointed ; in the male dilated into loose, distant, pellucid membranes. In horses and sheep.

Lernaca, (fish-eater,) body oblong, somewhat cylindrical, naked ; tentacula or armes two or three each side and round, by which it affixes it- self; evaries two, projecting like tails from the lower extremity. In mouths, gills and fins of fish.

ORDER 2. PARENCHYMATA.

Having no particular cavities for the reception of food and no mouths, but imbibe their food by pores, which seem to mix immediately with the general parenchymous mass, constituting their hodies.

Ecuynoryncuus, body round ; proboscis cy- hindric-retractile, and crowned with hooked prickles. In hogs, birds, reptiles and fishes.

Facroua, (ground worm, fluke,) body flatish, with an aperture or pore at the head, and general- ly another at a distance beneath, seldom a single one. In man and all animals.

CARVYOPHYLL#£US, (pink fish-eater,) body round; mouth dilated and fringed. In fresh water fish.

- Piananta, (eyed-worm,) body gelatinous, flatish, with a double ventral pore ;_mouth terimi- nal. In rivers and stagnant waters. It is divid- ed into the no-eyed, the one-eyed, the two-eyed, the three-eyed, the four-eyed, and the many-eyed.

11

122 CLASS XIe ORDER II.

Tent, (tape-worm,) body flat and composed of numerous articulations ; head with four orifices for suction, a little below the mouth; mouth ter- minal, continued by a short tube into two ventral canals, and generally crowned with a double se- vies of retractile hooks or holders. In man and most mammalia, birds, reptiles and fish.

Furia, (cattle-pest,) body linear, equal, fili- form and ciliate each side with a single row of re- flected prickles pressed close to the body. In the skin of man and horse in Finland.

ScoLex, body gelatinous, variously shaped, broadish on the forepart, and pointed behind ; sometimes linear and long, sometimes wrinkled and short, round, flexuose or depressed ; head protrusile and retractile. In fish.

Licuia, body linear, equal, long; the fore part obtuse, the hind part acute, with an impress- ed dorsal suture. In merganser and fish. ;

(6 ee )

CLASS XII. ACALEPHA.

Remarks. These animals are often called sea- nettles ; because it is said that a stinging sensa- tion is often excited while handling them. They are the largest of the zoophytes. If there is such an animal as that described by seamen, under the name of kraken, it probably belongs to this class ; though some suppose it may be a species of the sepia, of the class Mollusca, order Nudata. The bodies of animals of this class are soft, fleshy or gelatinous. In some we perceive something of a fibrous structure ; others appear to be mere “eela- finous masses.

ORDER 1. AFFIXA.

Having the habit and power of attaching ae selves by their bases to resting places.

AcTINIA, (sea-anemone, sea-dasie,) body ob- long, cylindrical, fleshy, contractile, fixed by the base; mouth terminal, expansile, surrounded With numerous cirri, and without any other aper- ture. In sea.

Lucernarta, body gelatinous, wrinkled, branch- ed; mouth placed beneath.

ORDER 2. LIBERATA.

Never fixing themselves to a resting place, but floating or swimming upon water, by the specific levity of particular parts, or by air-bubbles contain- ed in them.

424 CLASS XII. ORDER It.

Mepwsa, (sea-nettle, sea-blubber,) body gela- tinous, orbicular, and generally flat underneath : mouth central, beneath. In sea.

Puvssopnora, body gelatinous, pendant ‘from an aerial vesicle, with gelatinous sessile members at the sides, and numerous tentacula beneath. In sea.

Peo 16. <a)

CLASS XIII. POLYPI.

Riemarks. Animals of this class are called po- lypi, because the tentacula which surround their mouths, resemble, in.some degree, those of. the se- pia, which the ancients called polypus. ‘Fhey are always cylindric, terete or conic ; but the number and form of their tentacula are very variable.— ‘There is a cavity in all to.receive food.;. but it is often a mere simple cavity or caliber.. All ani- mals of this class. are capable of becoming com- pound ; and by cutting them in a direction to se- parate an individual, the cutting will.live, like an inocculated bud. But their species are reproduced.

by eggs. ORDER 1. NUDATA.

Having no hard covering;.and not producing a woody, horny or fieshy aais: by combination.

Hypra, (sprouting polypus,) animal fixing it- self hy the base, finear,. gelatinous, naked, con- tractile and furnished with setaceous tentacula. or feelers ; inhabiting fresh waters, and produciag its deciduous offspring, buds or eggs, from the sides.

Pepicetuanrta, (stiff-stem,) body soft and seat- ed on a rigid fixed peduncle; aperture single. In sea.

ORDER 2:. POLYPETRA.

ffaving stony cases, made chiefly of carbonate of

lime. This order embraces all the animals inhab-

iting coral rocks, i *41L

426 GLASS XIII. ORDER Il.

Sec. A. Inhabiting tubes, like the pith of a vege- table caulis ; open at the summit or side.

Tusirora, (pipe-coral,) coral consisting of erect hollow cylindric parallel aggregate tubes.

Tusucanria, (coral-tube,) stem tubular, simple or branched, fixed by the base ; animal projecting from the end of the tube, and having its head crested with tentacula. |

SeRTULARIA, (sca-moss, coral-grass,) animal growing in the form of a plant; stem branched, producing polypes from cup-form denticles or mi-

nute cells.

Sec. B. Each polypus occupies a cell, separated from the cells of other polypi by their partitions ; and they communicate with each other by very minute pores.

CELLuLARiA, (outer-celled coal ,) cells dispos- ed in a manner to form branching stems, but with- out a communicating tube along the axis; calca- reous..

Frustra, (sea-mat, horn-wrack,) animal.a po- lypus proceeding from porous cells; stem fixed, foliaceous, membranaceous, consisting of numer- ous rows of cells, united together and woven like a mat. CeLLepora, (inner-celled coral,) presents a mass of little cells, or calcareous vesicules, dis- tributed opposite to each other, pierced with a small hole.

Cora.uina, (coralline,) animal growing in the form of a plant ; stem fixed, with calcareous sub- divided branches, mostly jointed.

CLASS XIII, ORDER It. 127

Sec. C. The polyyi are united in the form of a dense bark, around an axis, variable 1m form and in texture.

ANTIPATHOs, (sea-fan,) animal growing in the form of a plant; stem expanded at the base, in- ternally borny and beset with small spines, ex- ternally covered with a gelatinous flesh, beset with numerous polypi bearing tubercles.

GorGonta, (gorgon,) animals growing in the form of a plant ; stem coriaceous, corky, woody, horny or bony, composed of glassy fibres, or like stone, striate, tapering, dilated at the base, cov- ered with a vascular or cellular flesh, or bark, and becoming spongy and friable when dry ; mouths or florets covering the surface of the stem, and polypi-bearing.

Isis, (bush-coral,) animal growing much in the form of a plant ; stem stony, jointed, the joints longitudinally striate, united by spongy or horny junctures, and covered by a soft porous cellular flesh, or bark ; mouths beset with oviparous po-

lypes.

Sec. D. Having the stony ov coriaceous covering branched, rounded, or in plates; always fur- nished with stellated lanine. In the living state, the stony part is entirely covered with a living membrane, which is soft and gelatinous, bristled with tentacula, which are the polypi.

Mavrepora, (star-coral,madrepore,) animal re- sembling a medusa 5 coral with lamellate star- form cavities.

PENNATULA, (sea-feather, sea-pen,) animal not affixed, of various shapes, supported by a bony

£28 CLASS XIII, ORDER It,

part within, naked at the base, the upper paré with generally lateral ramifications furnished with rows of tubular denticles, producing radiated po- lypes from each tube.

_ALCYonIUM, (mushroem-coral,) animal general- dy growing in the form of a plant, stem fixed, fleshy, gelatinous, spongy or coriaceous, beset with polypi bearing stellate cells.

Sponcta, (sponge,) animal fixed, flexile, torpid, ef various forms, composed either of reticulate fibres, or masses of small spines, interwoven to- gether, and clothed with a gelatinous flesh, full of small mouths on its surface, by which it absorbs, and rejects water,

CU 429) 4

CLASS XIV. INFUSORIA.

Remarks. Cuvier says, itis customary to place, at the end of the animal kingdom, those minute be- ings, which escape the natural eye, and which were never distinguished, until after the micros- cope had developed a kind of new world. They generally present gelatinous bodies extreniely sim-

le. These may be arranged together with pro- priety. But many animals are placed here, mere- jy on account of their minuteness. Those of this description will probably be removed from this class, after farther investigation.

Enfusory animals are best examined under the solar microscope. ‘To prepare them; steep in cold rain water almost any vegetable, for several hours ; then expose this infusion for a day or two to.the sun’s rays, In a situation to bring the tem- perature to that of common river water in the sum- mer months. Ifa drop of this is put upen a piece of glass, or between two pieces, placed in the fo- cus behind the lens of a solar microscope, the animalcula will soon appear on the screen.

ORDER 1. ROTIFERA.

Bodies oval, gelatinous ; having mouths, stom- achs and intestines ; often having a kind of tail, and two prominences upon the neck appear te bear eyes, and organs are seen which appear to be concerned in respiration.

VortTiceLua, (whirler,) body contractile, nak- ed, and furnished with ciliate, rotatory organs. In all waters.

430 CLASS XIV. ORDER II.

Brancuionus, (shelled jellies,) body contrac- tile, covered with a shell, and furnished at the head with ciliate rotatory organs. In stagnant waters.

ORDER 2. HOMOGENTA.

Bodies of various forms, having neither mouth, stomach, nor any other viscera. Some have ap- pendages resembling cilia, some appear like mere points, some are globular and more rapidly with- out any apparent organs of motion, some change their forms every moment.

Tricnopa, (hair-head,) worm invisible, pel- lucid, hairy, or horned. In all waters.

Cercaria, (green scum,) worm invisible to the naked eye, pellucid and furnished with a tail. These insects constitute the green pellicle on stag- nant waters. :

Levcoputia, worm invisible to the naked eye, every where ciliate. In clear marshy water.

Visrio, worms invisible to the naked eye, very simple, round, elongated. In common water and in vegetable infusions.

Gonium, worm very simple, flat, angular, invisi- ble to the naked eye. In pure and stagnant wa- ters.

Cotropa, (flat-jeilies,) worm invisible to the naked eye, very simple, pellucid, flat, sinuate. In pure water, and infusions.

Paramecium, (oblong jellies,) worm invisible to the naked eye, simple, pellucid, flattened, ob- Jong. In salt and fresh water and among weeds.

Cyc.ipium, (oval jellies,) worm invisible to the naked eye, very simple, pellucida, flat, orbicular

CLASS XIV. ORDER II. 434

or oval. In infusions of hay and of some other vegetables.

Bursaria, worm very simple, membranaceous, hollow. In marshes.

EncuHELis, worm invisible te the naked eye, very simple, cylindrical. In water long kept.

Bacixvaria, (straw-thread,) body consisting of cylindrical straw like filaments, placed parallel to each other, and frequently changing their position. In the ulva latissima.

Monas, (jelly-points,) worms invisible to the naked eye, most simple, pellucid, resembling a point. Smallest of all animalcule yet discovered. In sea-water long kept, in fetid infusions of pears, in most animal and. vegetable infusions, and in clear pure water.

Votvox, (globe jellies,) worm invisible to the | naked eye, simple, pellucid, spherical. In com- mon water and in vegetable infusions,

ZOOLOGICAL SPECIES

PLACED UNDER AN ALPHABETICAL ARRANGE~ MENT OF THE GENERIC NAMES.

=<

Directions. After having found the generic name of an animal in the foregoing system of genera, find the same name here by seeking its alphabetical place. ‘The numbers of the class and order stand at the left of the name, and the number of species contained in the genus at the right. The description of one species will be found under each genus, and in some cases, a considerable number.

If the specimen under examination is not described {and not one twentieth of all known species are described in this text-bovk): find the same genus in Rees’ Cycle- pedia, Turton’s Linneus, Shaw’s Zoology, or in what- ever system comes first to hand. There look out the species. Write the name, and copy the specific charac- ter into the blank leaves, which should be bound up with this text-book at the end. Saving paged the blank leaves, make a reference to the page wherein the spe- cies is copied, immediately under the printed descrip- tion of the last species. By this method the student will have a description of his collection, arranged in a man- ner to be as accessible as if it were all in print.

By pursuing this course a few seasons, each student will be able to contribute considerably towards a system of American Zoology. At present but a small propor- tion of American animals, excepting those of a large size, have been sought out. Insects, in particular, are but little known. And sees Mr. Say is doing much 3

) 1

134 _ ZOOLOGICAL SPECIES.

without assistance, his life must be protracted to a very advanced period to afford him time to complete the work. But if every student will contribute his mite, by sending Mr. Say duplicates of all undiscribed species, we shall probably be in possession of a system, very nearly com- _ plete, in a few years.

In writing descriptions, be particular to set down the day of the month when collected, in what particular situation found, and every thing known of the habits and instincts. Such as under stones, under bark of trees, in stagnant water, in running water, under the skin of animals, making a vertical web, digging holes in the earth, catching insects, &c. &c.

Though but few species are described in this book, they will be found sufficient for a course of exercises. All the known species in some genera, such as Aranea,; &c. which are always accessible in every season of the year, and all the varieties of some species, such as canis familiaris, are described, for the purpose of exercising students in the various kinds of analysis.

The following exercise is proposed for all students in Zoology, until a system of American Zoology shall be pub lished, embracing all the species.

After finding the generic name, and searching for the - specific name without success, for want of a system cons taining a description; give the specimen a specific name, derived from Latin or Greek, expressive of its most striking peculiarity. To this name annex a full descrip- tion ; leaving out all that is contained in the generic de- scription. This name is to be changed to that which has been given by other naturalists, whenever it is ascer- tained,

ACANTHUS, ACARUS. 135

By this exercise the student will acquire the habit of accurate investigation, and will become as well acquaint- ed with the science, as if he set down the righ€ name af - first. If we know a man by a wrong name for some time ; the memory is not at all embarrassed with the wrong name, after we are enabled to substitute the right one. Much pleasure and profit will be derived from a comparison of our own descriptions with those we may afterwards find in systematic works ; and we learn the application of terms by this methed better than by any other in use. ;

‘3

4—3. Acantuus. Spec. 1. spinus, (barley-bird,) head black, neck and back green, breast and throat greenish-yellow, belly white, tail yellow beneath. Small. Fringilla

spinus of Lin. See MS. P.

7—2. Acarus. Spec. about 100.

americanus, (tick,) obovate, ruddy, scutella and

_ joints of the legs white. A small insect on cat-

tle and horses.

-aphidioides, (red mite,) fore legs long ; abdomen terminating in two horns; colour red. Small. Tn decaying wood.

vicinus, (dog-tick,) globe-ovate, livid, a round brown spot at the base.

siro, (cheese-mite,) whitish ; head and thighs rust- colour ; abdomen bristly.

seabiei, (itch-mite,) white ; legs reddish ; 4 hind ones with a long bristle.

136 ACARUS, ACTINA.

éelaris, (common mite,) greenish-yellow, with a brown spot on each side of the abdomen. Small. On hothouse and other sheltered plants.

destructor, (museum-thief,) ovate; tail with long bristles; feet with one each.

See MS. P.

4—6. Acipencer. Spec. 5.

sturio, (sturgeon,) nose obtuse, having four cirri near the tip; nostrils near the eyes, eyes small ; mouth beneath, some distance back of the end of the nose, its length and breadth equal ; body elongated, pentagonal, flat beneath, covered above with rows of bony tubercles.

_ Futhenus, (sterlet,) nose strait, subulate, lips en- tire, cirri near the mouth. Nose four times as long as the diameter of the mouth.

stellatus, (koster,) nose spatulate, somewhat re- curved ; cirri near the mouth, lips entire. Nose six times as long as the transverse diameter of

the mouth. See MS. P.

3—3. AcrocnorDUS. Spec. 1. javensis, (warted or granulated snake,) back black, belly whitish with black spots ; teeth in double rows. See MS. P. 142—1. Acrina. Spec. 23. bellis, (sea-daisie,) body warty ; head resembling the calyx of a flower ; tentacula retractile, va- riegated. ealendula, (sea-marigold,) stem subturbinate ; disk surrounded by petal-form tentacula or rays. See MS. P.

ALAUDA, ALCEDO. 437

2—2. Auaupa. Spec. 33.

arvensis, (sky-lark,) two outermost quills of the tail white lengthwise externally, the intermedi- ate ones ferruginous on the inside. Males are browner, with black collars, and sing. | |

pratensis, (tit-lark,) colour above is greenish- brown ; two outermost tail-quills white exter- naily ; las a white line on the eye-brows.— Slender. Bill black.

campestris, (meadow-lark,) tail-quills brown,

~ lower half, except two intermediate quills, white ; throat and breast yellow.

alpestris, (shore-lark,) tail-quills half-white on the inside; throat yellow ; black stripe under the eyes and on the breast.

rubra, (red-lark,) neck, breast and lower parts redish ; space about the eyes black ; two out- ermost tail-quills white.

See MS. P. 2—6. Auca. Spec. 12.

torda, (razor-bill awk,) four furrows on the bill ; a white line on each side from the bill to the eyes.

See MS. P. 2—2. <Atcrepo. Spec. 41.

cristata, (crested king-fisher,) tail short; sky-blue above, redish beneath; crest undulated with black. Bluish streak on the neck, beginning near the eyes. Five inches long.

ispida, (common king-fisher,) tail short ; sky-blue above, yellowish beneath, having reddish lores. Seven inches long.

See MS, P. ¥*12

438 ALCYONIUM, AMPHITRITE.

13—2. Atcyonitum. Spec. 28.

gelatinosum, (sea-purse,) gelatinous, yellowish, irregular. agaricum, (sea-pen,) stem filiform; pileus reni- form. See MS. Pz, 4—4, Amira. Spec. 4.

clava, (bone-head,) dorsal-fin commences between

the pectoral and ventral and extends to the tail

fin, on which there is a black spot. See MS. P.

4—i. AmmopyTes. Spec. 1. fobianus, (sand launce,) silvery white with agreen-

ish back. Nine to twelve inches long. See MS. P.

2—2. Ampetis. Spec. 11. cotinga, (camelion-bird, woods-hen,) blue, beneath. violet-blue ; wings and tail black. garrulus, (chatterer,) crested; secondary quill-

feathers red-tipped. See MS. P.

3—3. AMPHISBENA. Spec. 2. alba, (cross-stripe snake,) white or yellowish- white ; head short; eyes small; body-rings 223, tail 16. i fuliginosa, body-rings 200, 30 on the tail; colour variegated. See MSP. -*

5S—1. AMPHITRITE. Spec. 8.

auricoma, (sandy-tube,) having a tube formed of

rounded grains of various colours, See MS, P.

ANABLEPS, ANAS; | 439

4—4, Awnasuers. Spec. 1.

| etrophthalmus, (snub-nose,) nose truncate ; body __ eylindric, covered with strong scales. See MS. P.

4—1. ANARRHICAS. Spec. 3.

dupus, (sea-wolf,). brown, with dark coloured bands ; fins mostly whitish. See MS. P.

2—6. Awnas. Spec. 120.

cygnus, (wild swan,) bill semicylindric, black ; cere yellow ; body white.

tadorna, (sheldrake,) bill knobbed at the base, front compressed ; head greenish-black ; body variegated with white..

spectabilis, (grey-head duck,) bill compressed at the base, having a black feathery keel; head hoary.

nigra, (black diver,) body totally black ; bill gib- bose at the base.

marila, (scaup duck,) black; shoulders waved- cinereous ; belly and a spot on the wings white.

anser, (common goose,) bill semicylindric ; body cinereous above, pale beneath ; neck striate. In wild flocks in Asia. By domestication it be- comes white, pied and variously coloured, and too thick and clumsy for flying to great distan- Ges.

bernicla, (brent-goose,) brown; head, neck and ‘breast black ; collar white.

canadensis, (wifd-goose,) cinerious; head and neck black; cheeks and chin white.

leucocephala, (blue-bill duck, white-head duck,) bill broad ; tail feathers rigid, pointed, channel- led, middle ones longer, .

440 ANAS, ANGUILLA.

elypeata, (shoveller,) end of the bill dilated, round- ed, with an incurved nail. |

clangula, (goid-eye.) varied with black and white ; head tumid, violet; large white spot at each corner of the mouth.

perspicillata, \black duck,) black; crown and nape white ; bill with a black spot behind the nostrils.

acuta, (pin-tail,) tail pointed, long, black beneath ; hind-head each side with a white line; back cinereous, waved.

erecca, (common teal,) wing-spot green ; white line above and beneath the eyes. Waing-spot varies to brown and black.

caroliniensis, (american teal,) waved with black and white; head and upper part of the neck chesnut; throat spotted with black ; wing-spot green ; line beneath the eyes and shoulder-arch white.

fuscescens, (brown duck,) brownish ; head and _ neck paler; wings cinereous, spot blue, tipped with white; tail dusky.

hoschas, mallard duck, common duck,) cinereous ; middle tail feathers of the male (or drake,) re- curvate; bill strait; collar white. Size and colour varies by domestication.

obscura, (dusky duck,) brown, edged with yellow beneath; wing-spot blue, with a transverse black bar ; tail wedge-form, dusky, edged with white.

See MS. P. : 4—1,. ANGUILLA. Spec. 1.

vulgaris, (common eel, silver eel,) dorsal and cau- dal fins united. Colour often. greenish above - and of a silvery hue below; but its colour va- ries according to its situation. See MS. P.

ANGUIS, APHIS. 4414

3—3. Aneuis. Spec. 24.

ventralis, (slow-worm,) yellowish-green, speckled with black above. Abdominal-scales 127. See MS. P. 9—3. ANnomia. Spec. 40.

squamula, (scale-shell,) small, orbicular, entire, thin like a fish-scale. Adheres to other shells. tridentata, (paper-shell,) pellucid, yellowish, thin, with fine transverse strie, tricuspidate, with tu- bular points. terebratula, (stone-shell,) shell obovate, smooth, convex ; one valve with two plaits, the other with three ; one beak prominent and perforate. Most common of all petrifactions. See MS. P.

1—6. ANOPLOTHERIUM. Spec. 2, extinct.

commune, (common aplothenium,) fore-feet con- tained a small accessory toe. mediun, (apiotherium,) hind-feet with two acces- sory toes. See VS. P. i—7. ANnTeLopE. Spec. 29.

Jeucophea, ‘blue antelope,) horns annular, recurv- ed, roundish. Swift. See MS. P. 13—2. AwntTipaTHos. Spec, 13.

fiabellum, (sea-fan,) flat, spread in an oval form. Var. jfiava. colour yellow. Var. purpurea, colour purple. See MS. P.

8—7. Apnis. Spec. about 80.

brassice, (cabbage louse,) body green, covered with mealy down; inhabiting plants of the ge-

44% APHRODYTA, ARANEA.

nus brassica. All the species of aphis, (called plant-lice) are named by the genitive case of the generic name of the plant upon men they are found.

See MS. P.

5—2. ApuHropiTa. Spec. 9.

aculeata, (prickly slug,) prickly, oval; six of eight inches long. See MS. P.

8—9. Apis. Spec. about 180.

mellifica, (common honey-bee,) dusky ; abdomen and escutcheon of the same colour ; a transverse grey band, formed of down, from the base of the third and following rings.

ferresiris, (earth humble- bee,) dark coloured, with the hindmost extremity of the corslet, and the hase of the abdomen, yellow ; the extremity of the abdomen white. Make their nests in the earth.

lapidaria, (stone-wall humble-bee,) female black, with the extremity of the abdomen reddish, wings colourless ; the male has the foreside of the head and the extremities of the corslet yel- low. Make their nests in walls and under stones.

See MS. P.

2—6. ApTreNopyTA. Spec. 11.

patagonica, (penguin,) tail slate-coloured above,. white beneath ; a yellowish cravat on the neck. See MS. P.

7—1. Aranea. Spec. 124.

Remarks. The genus of spiders has attracted much attention of modern naturalists. The num-

ARANEA, 443

ber and various arrangement of their eyes, their remarkable instincts, and curious structure, inter- est every nice observer. For these and other rea- sons I insert all the species of Gmelin, according to his arrangement. As some species may be ob- tained at all times of the year, they afford perpetu- al materials for the exercise of students in natural history.

A. Eyes placed ::::

extensa, abdomen long, silvery-greenish ; legs longitudinally extended. ‘The head, thorax, and legs, arereddish ; the abdomen is greenish down the back; the first pair of legs very long ; the third very short.

pallens, pale testaceous ; mandibles ferruginous, with black claws.

albidorsa, black and hairy ; abdomen obovate, slender, two-horned ; thorax slender, compress- ed laterally ; back of thorax and abdomen cov- ered with white hairs ; the white ridge on the abdomen interrupted. Found at Troy, N. Y. I propose it as a new species because it is not described iu Gmelin. It may be described by other authors, which I have not seen. Eaton.*

lobata, abdomen evate, lobed, white, with double brown lines at the tip.

longimana, ferruginous ; abdomen long, cylindric- al, brown; the fore-legs very long, third pair very short.

regia, villous, cinereous, with a yellow band on the front ; the legs are spinous.

* As very few spiders have been examined and credited in this dis- trict, I have spent afew hours this day (Sept. 15,) in examining those Ffind about the Rensselaer School lot. Iinsert them as a beginning.

144 ARANBA.

virescens, green, with a black cylindrical abdo- men ; the fore legs very long.

canciformis, abdomen globular, gibbous, with six spines round the margin.

venatoria, gloss y-black, with a blackish hairy ab- domen.

guttata, black ; abdomen rounded, and spotted with red.

latens, black ; abdomen greyish, with a black in- terrupted dorsal line. Small.

signata, greenish ; sides of the thorax black ; ab- domen with two black lines.

mactans, abdomen ovate, black, with a scarlet dorsal line. There is a variety whose abdo- men is distinguished with two pair of scarlet dots, and a tail.

cicurea, pale-red, with a cinereous ovate abdo- men. .

bicornis, yellowish ; ihe abdomen is depressed, with six impressed dots; the head is two- horned.

mgrita, black ; abdomen with two testaceous dots beneath. Middle sized.

cornuta, brown; abdomen oval, cylindrical above, yellowish-white, with four pair of impressed dots and four parallel gray lines behind. It is about the size of a man’s fingers the legs are long ; the thorax truncate on each side, and ending in two small horns behind.

: B. Eyes placed “5 °

globosa, black ; abdomen globular, with crimson sides. The ‘body i is very small; the abdomen with an interrupted white band in the middle ; the legs are black; the hind ones are the long- est.

ARANEA: 145

CG. Eyes placed °°" *

iorrida, abdomen nearly triangular, the tip trun- cate and obtuse, the four front legs are longest. Has a retrograde motion; it is of a singular form.

maxillosa, ferruginous, with a greenish abdomen ; the legs are pale ; the mandibles large and pro- jecting.

smaragdula, green ; abdomen paler, with a green dorsal line at the base.

/atro, thorax villous, cinereous ; abdomen acute, black, with ferruginous spots.

wiatica, brown, with a roundish flat obtuse abdo- men ; four hind-legs very short. Small.

domestica, abdomen ovate, brown, with five black and nearly contiguous, spots, the anterior ones larger.

dorsata, green; abdomen brown on the back.

?estacea, testaceous ; the abdomen is subglobular, dull-greenish.

trilineata, abdomen ovate, whitish, with three longitudinal lines of blackish dots.

impressa, black ; abdomen ovate, with six im- pressed dots, and two yellow dots beneath.

laevipes, abdomen rhomboid, depressed, and spot- ted with black; the legs are extended and va- riegated.

tricuspidata, greenish ; abdomen white, with a reddish tail. Head, thorax, and legs, green- ish; eyes, especially the latter ones, elevated.

D. Eyes placed .::: argentata, abdomen white, and brown behind ;

the margin six-toothed ; thorax silvery, the mar- | 13 ;

146 ARANEA.

zin of the abdomen is armed with three strong spines on each side. | E. Eyes placed *.:: fasciata, silvery ; abdomen with a yellowish band ; legs annulate with brown. angulata, abdomen ovate, sides angular and acute on the forepart ; the thorax has an excavated centre. Web perpendicular, colour variable. diadema, reddish-brown ; abdomen gibbous, and marked with white drop-shaped spots in the form of accross. Body varies much in colour from a darker to a lighter reddish-brown ; the legs are annulated with brown. marmorea, brown ; abdomen ovate ; varied with white and brown. Web on the ground; the legs are yellow, annulated with brown. yeticulata, abdomen globular, reticulate, above purplish, clouded with brown. cucurbitina, abdomen subglobular, yellow, with a few black dots. Web lax. cayana, abdomen globular, pale yellowish. octo-punctata, abdomen roundish, yellow, with four black raised dots on each side; tail rufous, Tt is thought by some writers not to belong to this division. bi-punctata, abdomen globular, black, with two hollow dots. riparia, abdomen ovate, black-bronze ; tail pale- yellow, and two-horned. guadrata, abdomen sub-globular, yellowish-ru- fous, with a white line at the base and four spots. hturata, testaceous ; abdomen pale black, witha white margin and marks.

ARANEA. 147

quadri-punctatc, abdomen oblong ; the back black

and flat with four excavated dots.

militaris, black ; with four spines, the hind ones longer and spreading.

spinesa, back with eight spines, the two hind ones spreading ; abdomen conic beneath; body brown triangular.

aculeata, back with six spines, the hind ones spreading.

éetracantha, abdomen globular, with four spines round the margin ; head and thorax ferrugin- ous ; abdomen with impressed dots at the base.

hescacantha, abdomen transverse, with six spines round the abdomen.

jomicata, sides of the abdomen a little vaulted, with two spines, the posterior ones the longest.

labarinthica, abdomen ovate, brown, with a whit- ish pinnate line. Web horizontal on the ground, with a cylindric cavity.

quadri-lineata, abdomen roundish, yellow, with a purplish line on each side, and four dots. Hya- line with a yellow front.

redimita, abdumen oval, pale-yellow, with a crim- son oval crown or ring on the back. Legs long, white, and transparent.

corollata, abdomen oval, black, with a white oval ring on the back.

montana, abdomen oval, white, with grey spots ; thorax and legs pale; fore-legs long and ex- tended.

$anzuinolenta, abdomen ovate and scarlet, with a longitudinal black line.

nigra, abdomen ovaie, and scarlet above.

notata, abdomen ovate, brown, with white trans- verse curved lines.

148 ARANEA.

eufipes, abdomen brown ; legs rufous.

nocturna, abdomen black, with two whiie dets, and a white lunule at the base.

sex punctata, abdomen oblong, with three pair of excavated dots.

palustris, thorax and abdomen with a snowy line on each side; tip of the therax before the eyes ends ina white line.

aquatica, brown; abdomen ovate, cinereous 3 the back brown with two impressed dots. ‘Dives in search of food. Jaws large, ene black, with scarlet nails.

obscura, abdomen sub-conic, dusky, with a whit- ish dorsal line.

scalaris, thorax testaceous; abdomeu snowy on the back, with an oblong indented snowy spot at the tip.

trigutta, yellowish; abdomen black, with three white spots.

Scorpiformis, black; abdomen whitish, with two black lines ; fore-legs very long. Small and retrograde.

carnifex, ferruginous ; abdomen grey, with a dor- sal line. |

flavissima, abdomen cblong, of a fine rich yellow colour, and smooth. |

himaculata, abdomen roundish, chesnut-brown colour, with two white dots. Less than a flea.

éruncorum, black, with white dots on the back. it springs to a great distance on its prey.

rupestris, abdomen with a black spot, edged with red, with white in the. middle. Springs on its prey.

virescens, abdomen oblong, yellow-green, with la- teral white lines.

ARANEA. 149

spinipes, pale, with spinous legs. A variety has spinose legs with ferruginous joints.

opilionordes, grey with very long and extremely slender legs. Web lax irregular, the threads cross each other ; gregarious.

osbecku, pale-yellow ; abdomen with impressed dots in pairs, with an odd one; the fore-legs are longer.

wilku, varied with black and grey ; legs cinereous, ‘annulated with black ; the hinder ones are shorter ,

speciosa, thorax grey, with two brown spots ; the abdomen is oval-oblong, with transverse black curves ; beneath it is reticulated with black, with two yellow bands. A very beautiful spe- cles,

F. Eyes placed.:..

clavipes, abdomen oblong, yellow, dotted with white ; all the shanks, except the third pair, clavated and hairy.. Web strong, spreading ; a beautiful species.

saccata, abdomen ovate, rusty brown. Carries its bag of eggs behind it. Under stones about Troy, New-York.

Jumegata, abdomen ovate, brown, with two white dots at the base.

i

G. Eyes placed: |:

jimbriata, black ; abdomen oblong, with a white line on each side.

dorsalis, black ; thorax compressed, with a whit- ish dorsal line; abdomen ovate, whitish at the base ; the legs are livid. Found in Sept. at Troy, New-York.

#13

456 ARANEA»

sanguinalenta, black ; abdomen red, with a black dorsal line.

pupilluta, testaceous.; abdomen brown on the back, with subocellar fulvous spots.

scenica, black ; abdomen subcylindrical, with three semicircular white lines oneach side. Body covered with silvery hair; legs short, hairy. black and white.

chlorolaba, black ; long black and white hairs dis- tributed over the body and legs ; abdomen ovate, with three orange or yellowish lunulate spots on the posterior part of the back ; legs with yellowish bands; mandibles bright green. Builds a kind of membranaceous cot under stones, about Troy, N. York. I propose this as a new species; because it is not in Gmelin. Raton.

fulvate, black ; hind margin of the thorax fulv- ous; abdomen with three fulvous bands.

pubescens, abdomen ovate, brown, with four cine-

- reous spots, the hind ones larger.

cinerea, cinereous ; abdomen brown on the back : with eight cinereous dots.

trilineata, brown 3 thorax with paler margin, and

lateral dorsal line ; abdomen ovate, cinereous,

beneath brown. |

tarantula, abdomen with triangular black spots on the back ; the legs are spotted with black. Large.

H. Eyes placed +:

avicularia, thorax orbicular, convex with a trans- verse central excavation. So enormous that its fangs are equal to the talons of a hawk; and its eyes are used as microscopes.

ARANEA. 454

I. Eyes placed ..::..

pulchra, oval-oblong ; thorax white, villous, ab- domen and legs black, with yellow bands.— Very common at Troy, New-York, in August and September. Web vertical, in concentric polygons attached to numerous rays; rebuilt daily in fair weather, or chiefly renewed.

K. yes placed

goezil, black ; abdomen ovate ; front white. The abdomen is marked with two impressed dots.

L. Eyes placed .. *

truncata, grey, ferruginous, slightly clouded ; tho- rax globular, and slightly heart-shaped; the ab- domen is something triangular and marked ae obsolete longitudinal cross, (syn. angu- jata.

M. Eyes placed :***:

conica, abdomen ovate, obscurely conic behind, va- ried with brown and whitish, and black beneath. Common in Sept. at Troy, N. York. Web in corners, horizontal, dense, intangled and perma- nent ; with a cylindrical retreat.

albifrons, hairy ; body ovate and variegated with black and chesnut-brown. O. Eyes placed *:::

éaurus, abdomen fiat, with two very long recurved spines.

452 ARANEA.

arcuata, brown; abdomen with six spines, the middle ones curved and six times as long as the body. Small. | maculata, thorax silvery ; abdomen cylindrical ; legs very long and black. : 4 pilipes, brown; abdomen cylindrical with silvery lines ; legs very long and hairy. Large. _ myropa, greenish ; abdomen red on the back, with ‘a few black dots ; the sides are yellowish ; the ymandibles are tipped with black ; the thorax with two darker lines ; abdomen ovate, pubes- cent 3 textorial papille tipped with black ; legs long, pale greenish ; the fore-shanks tipt with black. A beautiful species. 7 Jongipes, black; abdomen cylindrical, brown, with six impressed dots ; the legs are very long. rufipes, ferruginous 3. abdemen ovate, pale cinere- ous ; legs rufous.. senoculata, abdomen greenish, with black dots, and a yellow line on the sides. ie | scopulorum, abdomen brown, with a pennate white- dorsal line. | lusea, pale ; abdomen silvery, with black branch: ed lines. : ; parallela, brown ; sides of the thorax and abdomen white ; mandibles projecting and parallel. scrofa, hairy, brown; abdomen semil-orbicular 3. mandibles black, exerted, and hooked at the tips. Size of a pigeon egg. bicoinis, abdomen two-horned. easpia, thorax sub-globular ; abdomen oblong, va- ried with yellow and black bands. argentea, thorax orbicular, depressed, white, with. two black fillets ; abdomen is ovate, lobed, sil-.

ARANEA, ARCA, 153

very, with two pair of dots in the middle, and four rows behind. Web perpendicular.

P. Number and position of the eyes unknown. nobillis, thorax orange, with six black spots ; ah- domen yellow, with seven black spots. calceata, hairy, grey; legs with two black spots at the tip above, beneath silky, with a green gloss. Very large. holosericea, abdomen ovate-oblong, silky livid brown, with two yellow tubercles beneath. spuumobilis, abdomen roundish, yellowish brown, with four rows of blackish dots; thighs with black movable spines. cruentata, black, with a yellow band at the base of the abdomen ; ; the breast is of a deep red. sex-cuspidatu, brown; back of the thorax six toothed, witha as Al fulvous spot. hurtipes, black : ? ers and legs hairy, and pale testaceous. tribulus, head he toothed on the forepart ; ab- domen covered with numerous spines. elegans, black, with two white curves on the fore- -part of the therax, and a white dorsal line on the abdomen. ocellata, pale; abdomen clouded, with a black ring ; the thighs are marked with three doable ocellate spots. alba, white ; abdomen with five impressed dots ; two-horned and depressed at the base, and elo- bular at the tip. See MS. P.

9—4. Arca. Spec. 36. no@, (noah’s ark,) oblong, striate, tip emarginate 5.

beaks very remote ; mar gin gaping. See MSs, P,

154 ARCTOMYS, ARDEA.

4—4. Arcromys. Spec. 11.

monax, (marmot,) ears short, round ; nose bluish ; tail longish, hairy ; body grey.

empetra, (canadian marmot,) ears short, round ; tail hairy ; body mixed grey above, orange be- neath. About 11 inches long. Very gentle but hisses.

alpinus, tail short ; colour greyish-yellow, becom- ing ash-coloured towards the head. About the size of a rabbit, and inhabiting high mountains, near the limits of perpetual snow.

See MS. P.

2—5. ARpdEA. Spec. 87. Section A. Head bald.

canadensis, (brown crane, ) forehead naked, papil- lose ; body cinereous ; wings testaceous on the outside. Three feet long.

rus, (common crane,) hind-head naked, papil- lose ; cap and quill-feathers black 5; bedy cine- reous ; tail-feathers Jagged. 5 feet long.

americana, (hooping crane,) crown, nape and na- ked temples papillose ; front, nape and prima- ry quill-feathers black ; body white. 4 feet 6 inches long.

Section B. Middle claw serrate inwardly.

major, (common heron,) hind-head with long pen- dant crest ; body cinereous ; line on the neck beneath the pectoral bar black. Head of female smooth.

stellaris, (heron,) head smoothish ; body testaceous above with transverse spots, paler beneath,

with oblong brown spots. See MS, P.

ARGENTINA, ASCIDIA. 155

4—4, ARGENTINA. Spec 4.

rarolina, (argentine,) anal fin with fifteen rays, See MS. P.

9—4. ARGUNANTA. Spec. 5.

argo, (ancient nautilus,) keel or ridge of the shell slightly toothed each side. See MS. P. 4i—1. Ascaris. Spec. 78.

lumbricoides, (human lumbricus, bowel-worm,) bo- dy long, smooth, cylindrical, tapering to both ends, with three protuberances at the fore end, and a depressed band around the body. Infests the human intestines; most frequently in young persons. From four to ten inches in length. vermicularis, (thread-worm,) body filiform ; fore end with three papille or vesicles ; whole ru- gose, pellucid, annular ; tail commences at an aperture, and is two-thirds of the whole length. The whole worm is about half an inch in length. They originate in the lower part of the alimen- tary canal ; but often extend up to the stomach and penetrate all parts adjoining the intestines. A person may have several thousands of them, and still remain for a season in tolerable health, Remarks. Animal oil mixed with spirits of turpentine, administered in small quantities, ac- companied with tonics, is the French practice in removing both species. See MS. P. 9—1. Ascipi1a. Spec. 34.

rustica, (spirting jelly,) oblong, brownish with flesh-coloured apertures; extremities rough, middle smooth. See MS. P.

{56 ASILUS, BALZENA.

S—i2. Asitus. Spec 48.

estuans, (hornet-fly,) cinereous, having the three last segments of the body white. estivus, cinereous, having three black fines on the thorax ; legs dark coloured ; shanks testaceous. See MS. P.

40—1,. ASTERIAS.. ,Spec.: Sie aculeata, (sea-star,) rays five; disk orbicular, covered with glabrous prickles. aranciaca, rays somewhat depressed and prickly along the margin; disk broad. caput meduse, (medusa’s head,) five rays perpetu- ally bifurcaie into numerous branches. See MS. P.

4-4, ATHERINA.. Spec. 5. menidia, (silver-fish,) anal fin 24-rayed ; body small, pellucid, spotted. See MS. P. 8—5. ATTELABUS. Spec. 37.

pensylvanica, black ; shells reddish, with a black band in the middle and at the tip. See MS. P.

B. 14—1. Bacriuarria. Spec. 1.

paradoxa, (straw-threads,) perpetually changing

its appearance, so that it might at one moment

be taken for a different species from that of the

preceding moment.

See MS. P. 1—8. Batzena. Spec. 8.

mysticetus, (common whale,) nostrils flexuous, on the forepart of the head; dorsal fin none. 1 Var.

BALENA, BLENNEUS. 457

black. 2 Var. large spiracle. From 50 to 100 feet long. North seas.

physalus, (fin-whale,) spiracles double on the mid- dle of the forepart of the head; a soft fin at the extremity of the back. 4 feet long. ‘Temperate zone.

Joops, (pike-head whale,) spiracles double on the snout; a horny protuberance at the end of the back. 46 feetlong. North seas,

gibbosa, (bunched whale,) back gibbose ; dorsal fin none. 1 Var. one bunch on the back. 2 Var. six bunches on the back. United States coast.

snusculus, (round-lip whale,) spiracles double on the forehead ; under jaw very broad. 78 feet long. Norwegian seas.

rostrata, (beaked whale,) nose elongated to a peak: dorsal fin fat. 25 feet long. Norwegian seas.

See MS. P. 4—5. Bauisres. Spec. 24.

-emericana, (prickle-fish.) dorsal and ventral rays very low, second dorsal fin and triangular anal one larger.

See MS. P. 8—6. Buiattra. Spec. 42.

orientalis, (common cock-roach,) yellowish-brown, without spots ; wing-cases abbreviated, with an oblong groove.

americana, (sugar cock-roach,) ferruginous; shield of the thorax whitish behind.

See MS. P.

| 4—2. Buennevus. Spec. 18.

phycis, (hake,) nostrils subcrested ; lower lip with a cirrus ; back with two fins.

See MS, P. 14

158 BOA, BOS,

3-—-3. Boa. Spec. 14.

constrictor, (speckled giant-snake,) plates of the belly about 240, of the tail 60. Often 36 feet long. See MS. P.

4—3. Bopianus. Spec. 45.

serranus, (sea-perch,) having prickly apercules. See MS. P.

8—12. Bompy.iius. Spec. 9.

major, (humming-fly,) black, with thick yellowish down; wings with a broad sinuate black outer margin. Antenne united at the base. zegualis, body covered with cinereous hairs, with a broad equal black outer margin. Antenne united at the base. See MS. P.

i—7, Bos. Spec. 9.

taurus, (ox, bison,) horns round, turning outwards from their origin ; having lax dewlaps or fold- ed skin before the breast. Var. d¢son, horns bent forward; back gibbous, having a long mane.

americanus, (spanish ox,) horns round, distant, pointing outwards ; mane long, woolly ; back gibbous. |

bubulus, (buifalo,) horns resupinate, turned in- wards, flat on the foreside.

moschatus, (musk ox,) horns approaching at the base, broad, bent inward and backward ; tips

bent outwards and pointed. See MS. P.

BRACHIONUS, BULLAs 159

14—1. Bracuionus. Spec. 12.

urceolaris, (shell-jelly,) bell-form, with the shell many-toothed at the tip and rounded at the base ; tail long, bifid at the end. See MS. P.

1—5. ayes Spec. 3. tridactylus, (three-toed sloth,) feet 3 or 4-toed. didactylus, fore feet with two toes ; tail none. pentadactylus, feet with five toes ; tail short.

. See MS. P. 8—5. Brucuus. Spec. 27.

pist, (pea-bug,) shells black, spotted with white ; tail white with two black dots. Very destruct- ive to fields of pease. See MS. P.

2—3. Bucco. Spec. 17. tumatia, (barbet,) tawny-brown ;_ tawny-white beneath, spotted with black. Inhabits torrid. zone, like most of the species. See MS. P. §9—4. Buccinium. Spec. 190. stromboides, (conk-whelk,) shell glabrous with distinct whorls; lip prominent ; base obliquely striate ; shell yellowish-brown. See MS. P. 2—2. Buceros. Spec. 16.

hicornis, (hornbill,) front bony, flat, two-horned at the forepart. Size of common hen. See MS. P.

9—4. Burra. Spec. 50. ampulla, (hbubbie-shell,) rounded, obtuse at one

160: BULLA, CALLIONYMUS»

end; crown umbilicate. 2 or 3 inches long. In sea. .

fontinalis, (river bubble-shell,) ovate, pellucid, with an obsolete spire; whorls turning from right to left; aperture ovate-oblong. One fourth of an inch long.

See MS. P. 2—2. Burpnaca. Spec. 1.

africana, (beef-eater,) brown. above ; beneath and the rump yellowish ; 8 or 9 inches long. See MS. P. 8—5. Buprestis. Spec. 125.

rustica, (gold-bug,) shells emarginate, striate ; body bright greenish-gold colour. See MS. P. | 14—2. Bursaria. Spec. 3. éruneatella, ventricose, truncate at the top. In marsh water. See MS. P.

8—5. Byrruvus. Spec. 13.

jitula, brown ; shells with black interrupted striz. See MS. P.

C. 3—3. CzxciLa. Spec. 2.

tentacuiata, wrinkles of the body 135; none on. the tail. 12 inches leng; one-third of an inch diameter. See Ms. P.

4—2. Catuionymus. Spec. 7.

fyra, (dragonet,) first ray of the first dorsal-fin as

Jong as the body; 412 inches long. See MS. P.

CAMELOPARDALIS, CANCER. 464

i—7. CAMELOPARDALIS. Spec. 1.

suaffa, (giraffe-camel,) whitish-tawny, with scat- tered rusty spots ; horns short, blunt. See MS. P. 1—7. Came us.. Spec. 7. dromedarius, (arabian camel,) back-bunch single ; 8 feet and a half high. hactricanus, (bactrian camel,) back-bunches two. lama, (lama camel.) bunch on the breast ; back smooth. 4 feet 6 inches high. Auanacus, ep enece,) body hairy ; back gibbous ; tail erect. 4 feet 3 inches high. Eatable. arcucanus, (peru camel,) body woolly, smooth ; nose turned upward ; tail pendulous. Resem- blesa sheep. HKatable. wicugna, (andes camel,) body woolly, smooth; nose flat, blunt ; tail erect. Wool soft, fine and silky. . pato, (purple camel,) no bunches ; body woolly ; nose oblong. Wool iong and coarse. See MS. P.

6—1. Cancer. Spec. about 300.

pagurus, (eatable crab,) thorax with